The passive is formed with the Present or Past Simple of the verb to be + the past participle of the main verb.
Examples:
Meals are prepared daily.
The theater was destroyed by a bomb.
We use the Passive when we want to give more importance to the action and its object than to the agent of the action.
Example:
The letters were delivered late.
The subject of the Active verb (the agent) is preceded by the preposition by in the Passive.
Example:
The Normans conquered Britain in 1066. (Active)
Britain was conquered by the Normans in 1066. (Passive)
By + agent is only omitted when it is not important or unknown.
Examples:
Someone stole my handbag. (Active)
My bag was stolen (Passive)
miércoles, 21 de abril de 2010
4th PASSIVE VOICEW-EXERCISES
PASSIVE VOICE
*Put in the passive form of the SIMPLE PRESENT tense of the verbs.
1.When thieves are arrested they are taken (take) to a police station.
2. The battery in my car is checked quite often and it is changed if it is no good.
3.Books are borrowed from the library on Friday and then they are returned on Tuesday.
4.Sometimes traffic signs are knocked down by careless motorists. If they are damaged, they are taken away to be repaired.
5.The soldiers in the jungle are supplied from the air. Food and other things are flown to them from the airport. Then bundles of food are dropped into the jungle from the aeroplane.
6.Sometimes children are drowned in old mining pools which are left in a dangerous condition.
7. You are expected to be quiet when you go in the library and are asked not to talk.
8.Is the new school finished yet?
9.Are football matches ever played on that pitch?
10.Are those fish sold locally or are they sent to overseas markets?
11.At the Olympic Games a gold medal is given to the winner of each event.
12.Huge crocodiles are sometimes seen in North Queensland.
13. Nobody is allowed to go in there.
14.That drain is cleared out regularly and all the rubbish is taken away.
15.Sometimes parcels are damaged when they are sent a long way. Occasionally some are stolen.
16.The grass is cut and the field is marked out before each game.
17.The paper is delivered quite early in the morning.
18.The pressure in those tyres is checked carefully every week.
19.The name of the winner is engraved on the shield.
20.Those fans are controlled by that switch over there.
*Put in the passive form of the PRESENT PERFECT tense of the verbs.
1.A new hospital has just been opened by the Mayor.
2.We have not yet been taught how to do that.
3.James has just been bitten by a snake.
4.The corner of this page has been torn by somebody.
5.Most of the land in that valley has already been cleared for settlement.
6.A new Post Office has been built in Market Road.
7.I can't find my old shoes. Have they been thrown away?
8.Has the new dam been completed yet?
9.Have you been told about the new timetable?
10.Have you all been inoculated against cholera?
11.Has that table been polished already?
12.The plan for the new airport has just been approved.
13.Those clothes have been washed twice already.
14.The national anthem has just been played.
15.Has the school record been broken?
16.Is it true that a fence has been put round the field?
17.Has the fish in that aquarium been fed today?
18.Has Mary's cousin been asked to go too?
19.Which one has been appointed captain?
20.Nothing has been said about the broken window, has it?
*Put in the passive form of the PRESENT CONTINUOUS tense of the verbs.
1.You can't use the car now. It is being repaired.
2.She is being married next week.
3.My father is being transferred to Georgetown next month.
4.Our house is being painted now.
5.“I wonder if I am being cheated,” I thought to myself as I gave the man the money.
6.A new road is being widened near our house.
7.The cup final is being played at the national stadium next week.
8.My brother thinks that twenty or thirty men are being dismissed at the end of the month unless business improves.
9.Peter is being kept in so he will be late home.
10.My cousin is being trained as an electrician at the moment.
11.We are being shown round the new factory tomorrow morning.
12.Some experimental types of rice are being grown at the agricultural research station.
13.The results of the competition are being announced tomorrow.
14.Two new tugs are being built at the shipyard now.
15.That room is being redecorated next week, I think.
16.Who are being invited to the wedding?
17.Which animal is being hunted next?
18.The fire is gradually being put out, as far as I can see.
19.That new hotel is being opened on the first of January.
20.This part of the wall is being painted soon.
*Put in the passive form of the SIMPLE PAST tense of the verbs in brackets.
1.Our team was beaten in the final.
2.I think it was done some time during the night.
3.The sandwiches were soon eaten.
4.The spare parts were wanted urgently so they were flown up from the supplier.
5.These books were borrowed from the boys in another class.
6.The injured man was carried to an ambulance.
7.The thief was chased by a crowd of angry people.
8.She was married on Saturday.
9.Most of these stamps were collected by my brother when he was much younger.
10.The board was cleaned at the end of the previous lesson.
11.Was that meat cooked today or yesterday?
12.Was your brother offered the job?
13.Were all the games finished in time?
14.Was the money counted before it was handed in?
15.Were those plants watered last night?
16.Were all the men on the ship rescued?
17.His car was searched when he went through the Customs.
18.We were stopped by the police when we came to the barrier.
19.Both of the passengers were slightly injured in the accident.
20.The guests were asked to come at eight o'clock.
21.Two players were sent off during the game.
22.Several trees were blown down during the storm.
23.Their house was struck by lightning last night.
24.My brother was stung by a hornet.
25. Quite a lot of money was stolen from that bank last month. It was taken by three men who were caught not far from my uncle's house.
26.Luckily the boy was not drowned.
27.He said that he was not given any money.
28.The postman was nearly bitten by our neighbour's dog.
29.His car was repaired quite satisfactorily but it was not cleaned at all well.
30.A lot of our money was spent at the circus.
31.The tree was cut down and then was burnt.
32.I was met at the station and was led to my friend's house.
33.The shirts were washed and were ironed this afternoon.
34.That car was bought on Monday and was sold on Friday.
35.We were shown round the factory and were given samples of the products.
36.He was called to the office and was told to explain his absence the day before.
37.Peter was admitted to hospital last night and was operated on early this morning.
38.The door was closed but was not locked.
39.The fire was brought under control by the fireman but not completely put out when I left.
40.The meal was prepared by seven o'clock but not eaten until half past seven.
*Put the verb into the passive form of the PAST CONTINUOUS tense.
1.When we arrived at their house we saw that it was being decorated.
2.The ship was being unloaded when we reached the docks.
3.He could not use his car yesterday because it was being serviced.
4.A tiger escaped in Paris when it was being moved from one zoo to another.
5.I think there must be a Sports Meeting today or tomorrow. The field was being marked out yesterday.
6.When I went past the hall, I noticed that the chairs were being arranged for a film show.
7.One of the men said that he saw a crocodile when the pool was being drained.
8.I was living at the other end of the town when that block of flats was being constructed so I couldn't watch the men at work.
9.The storm came while the crops were being gathered in.
10.One of the soldiers fainted while the guard of honour was being inspected by the Chief Minister.
11.We couldn't use the hall because it was being painted.
12.I went to see Tony at the hospital but I had to wait because when I got there he was being examined by a doctor.
13.The bridge was being repaired yesterday so the traffic was delayed.
14.When I went through the Customs, I noticed that one of the other passengers was being searched very thoroughly.
15.Those houses were being built when I came here six months ago but they are still not finished.
*Use the passive form of the PAST PERFECT tense of the verb
Example: He said the new road _____ (complete). He said the new road had been completed.
1.He said the bridge had been repaired.
2.I did not know that their house had been sold.
3.We were glad to hear that the men had been rescued.
4.He said that the results of the examination had been checked very thoroughly.
5.She wanted to know whether we had been told about the party.
6.I didn't sweep out the room because it had been swept out already.
7.He was angry because he felt that he had been betrayed.
8.I read in the newspaper that two men had been buried when the walls of a ditch had caved in on them. Luckily, they had been dug out by other workers.
9.The doctor said he had been asked to come and see my brother.
10.He said he hadn't received the letter although it had been posted nearly a week before.
*Put in the passive form of the SIMPLE FUTURE tense of the verb
1.The robbers will be caught fairly soon.
2.His car will be repaired tomorrow.
3.Fifty people will be invited to her wedding.
4.That old building will soon be pulled down.
5.Anybody who does not stop at the red light will be arrested.
6.If nobody claims the lost property, it will be sold at the end of the term.
7.That shop will be closed for a week for repairs and modernization.
8.You will be injured if you put your hand too near that circular saw.
9.There are two very fast runners in the next race. I think the record will probably be broken by one of them.
10.If you try to go down that road, you will be stopped by a policeman.
*Put in the passive form of the SIMPLE PRESENT tense of the verbs.
1.When thieves are arrested they are taken (take) to a police station.
2. The battery in my car is checked quite often and it is changed if it is no good.
3.Books are borrowed from the library on Friday and then they are returned on Tuesday.
4.Sometimes traffic signs are knocked down by careless motorists. If they are damaged, they are taken away to be repaired.
5.The soldiers in the jungle are supplied from the air. Food and other things are flown to them from the airport. Then bundles of food are dropped into the jungle from the aeroplane.
6.Sometimes children are drowned in old mining pools which are left in a dangerous condition.
7. You are expected to be quiet when you go in the library and are asked not to talk.
8.Is the new school finished yet?
9.Are football matches ever played on that pitch?
10.Are those fish sold locally or are they sent to overseas markets?
11.At the Olympic Games a gold medal is given to the winner of each event.
12.Huge crocodiles are sometimes seen in North Queensland.
13. Nobody is allowed to go in there.
14.That drain is cleared out regularly and all the rubbish is taken away.
15.Sometimes parcels are damaged when they are sent a long way. Occasionally some are stolen.
16.The grass is cut and the field is marked out before each game.
17.The paper is delivered quite early in the morning.
18.The pressure in those tyres is checked carefully every week.
19.The name of the winner is engraved on the shield.
20.Those fans are controlled by that switch over there.
*Put in the passive form of the PRESENT PERFECT tense of the verbs.
1.A new hospital has just been opened by the Mayor.
2.We have not yet been taught how to do that.
3.James has just been bitten by a snake.
4.The corner of this page has been torn by somebody.
5.Most of the land in that valley has already been cleared for settlement.
6.A new Post Office has been built in Market Road.
7.I can't find my old shoes. Have they been thrown away?
8.Has the new dam been completed yet?
9.Have you been told about the new timetable?
10.Have you all been inoculated against cholera?
11.Has that table been polished already?
12.The plan for the new airport has just been approved.
13.Those clothes have been washed twice already.
14.The national anthem has just been played.
15.Has the school record been broken?
16.Is it true that a fence has been put round the field?
17.Has the fish in that aquarium been fed today?
18.Has Mary's cousin been asked to go too?
19.Which one has been appointed captain?
20.Nothing has been said about the broken window, has it?
*Put in the passive form of the PRESENT CONTINUOUS tense of the verbs.
1.You can't use the car now. It is being repaired.
2.She is being married next week.
3.My father is being transferred to Georgetown next month.
4.Our house is being painted now.
5.“I wonder if I am being cheated,” I thought to myself as I gave the man the money.
6.A new road is being widened near our house.
7.The cup final is being played at the national stadium next week.
8.My brother thinks that twenty or thirty men are being dismissed at the end of the month unless business improves.
9.Peter is being kept in so he will be late home.
10.My cousin is being trained as an electrician at the moment.
11.We are being shown round the new factory tomorrow morning.
12.Some experimental types of rice are being grown at the agricultural research station.
13.The results of the competition are being announced tomorrow.
14.Two new tugs are being built at the shipyard now.
15.That room is being redecorated next week, I think.
16.Who are being invited to the wedding?
17.Which animal is being hunted next?
18.The fire is gradually being put out, as far as I can see.
19.That new hotel is being opened on the first of January.
20.This part of the wall is being painted soon.
*Put in the passive form of the SIMPLE PAST tense of the verbs in brackets.
1.Our team was beaten in the final.
2.I think it was done some time during the night.
3.The sandwiches were soon eaten.
4.The spare parts were wanted urgently so they were flown up from the supplier.
5.These books were borrowed from the boys in another class.
6.The injured man was carried to an ambulance.
7.The thief was chased by a crowd of angry people.
8.She was married on Saturday.
9.Most of these stamps were collected by my brother when he was much younger.
10.The board was cleaned at the end of the previous lesson.
11.Was that meat cooked today or yesterday?
12.Was your brother offered the job?
13.Were all the games finished in time?
14.Was the money counted before it was handed in?
15.Were those plants watered last night?
16.Were all the men on the ship rescued?
17.His car was searched when he went through the Customs.
18.We were stopped by the police when we came to the barrier.
19.Both of the passengers were slightly injured in the accident.
20.The guests were asked to come at eight o'clock.
21.Two players were sent off during the game.
22.Several trees were blown down during the storm.
23.Their house was struck by lightning last night.
24.My brother was stung by a hornet.
25. Quite a lot of money was stolen from that bank last month. It was taken by three men who were caught not far from my uncle's house.
26.Luckily the boy was not drowned.
27.He said that he was not given any money.
28.The postman was nearly bitten by our neighbour's dog.
29.His car was repaired quite satisfactorily but it was not cleaned at all well.
30.A lot of our money was spent at the circus.
31.The tree was cut down and then was burnt.
32.I was met at the station and was led to my friend's house.
33.The shirts were washed and were ironed this afternoon.
34.That car was bought on Monday and was sold on Friday.
35.We were shown round the factory and were given samples of the products.
36.He was called to the office and was told to explain his absence the day before.
37.Peter was admitted to hospital last night and was operated on early this morning.
38.The door was closed but was not locked.
39.The fire was brought under control by the fireman but not completely put out when I left.
40.The meal was prepared by seven o'clock but not eaten until half past seven.
*Put the verb into the passive form of the PAST CONTINUOUS tense.
1.When we arrived at their house we saw that it was being decorated.
2.The ship was being unloaded when we reached the docks.
3.He could not use his car yesterday because it was being serviced.
4.A tiger escaped in Paris when it was being moved from one zoo to another.
5.I think there must be a Sports Meeting today or tomorrow. The field was being marked out yesterday.
6.When I went past the hall, I noticed that the chairs were being arranged for a film show.
7.One of the men said that he saw a crocodile when the pool was being drained.
8.I was living at the other end of the town when that block of flats was being constructed so I couldn't watch the men at work.
9.The storm came while the crops were being gathered in.
10.One of the soldiers fainted while the guard of honour was being inspected by the Chief Minister.
11.We couldn't use the hall because it was being painted.
12.I went to see Tony at the hospital but I had to wait because when I got there he was being examined by a doctor.
13.The bridge was being repaired yesterday so the traffic was delayed.
14.When I went through the Customs, I noticed that one of the other passengers was being searched very thoroughly.
15.Those houses were being built when I came here six months ago but they are still not finished.
*Use the passive form of the PAST PERFECT tense of the verb
Example: He said the new road _____ (complete). He said the new road had been completed.
1.He said the bridge had been repaired.
2.I did not know that their house had been sold.
3.We were glad to hear that the men had been rescued.
4.He said that the results of the examination had been checked very thoroughly.
5.She wanted to know whether we had been told about the party.
6.I didn't sweep out the room because it had been swept out already.
7.He was angry because he felt that he had been betrayed.
8.I read in the newspaper that two men had been buried when the walls of a ditch had caved in on them. Luckily, they had been dug out by other workers.
9.The doctor said he had been asked to come and see my brother.
10.He said he hadn't received the letter although it had been posted nearly a week before.
*Put in the passive form of the SIMPLE FUTURE tense of the verb
1.The robbers will be caught fairly soon.
2.His car will be repaired tomorrow.
3.Fifty people will be invited to her wedding.
4.That old building will soon be pulled down.
5.Anybody who does not stop at the red light will be arrested.
6.If nobody claims the lost property, it will be sold at the end of the term.
7.That shop will be closed for a week for repairs and modernization.
8.You will be injured if you put your hand too near that circular saw.
9.There are two very fast runners in the next race. I think the record will probably be broken by one of them.
10.If you try to go down that road, you will be stopped by a policeman.
lunes, 19 de abril de 2010
4TH-PASSIVE VOICE- INTRO 2
Passive - Use
We only use the passive when we are interested in the object or when we do not know who caused the action.
Example: Appointments are required in such cases.
We can only form a passive sentence from an active sentence when there is an object in the active sentence.
Form
to be + past participle
How to form a passive sentence when an active sentence is given:- object of the "active" sentence becomes subject in the "passive" sentence- subject of the "active" sentence becomes "object" in the "passive" sentence" (or is left out)
YOU WILL FIND A USEFUL DIAGRAM IN THE NEXT LINK:
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/passive.htm
We only use the passive when we are interested in the object or when we do not know who caused the action.
Example: Appointments are required in such cases.
We can only form a passive sentence from an active sentence when there is an object in the active sentence.
Form
to be + past participle
How to form a passive sentence when an active sentence is given:- object of the "active" sentence becomes subject in the "passive" sentence- subject of the "active" sentence becomes "object" in the "passive" sentence" (or is left out)
YOU WILL FIND A USEFUL DIAGRAM IN THE NEXT LINK:
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/passive.htm
4th ESO- PASSIVE VOICE-INTRODUCTION
The Passive
We use the active form to say what the subject does. For example:
I speak English every day at work.
I repaired the flat tire on the car.
We use the passive form to say what happens to people and things, to say what is done to them. For example:
English is spoken here.
The car is being repaired.
We use the passive form when we don't know who did the action. For example:
The car was damaged while it was parked on the street.
The shirts were made in Turkey.
We use the passive form when what was done is more important than who did it. For example:
It was approved by Gerry last week.
I was informed by the Human Resources Manager only two days ago.
We use the active form to say what the subject does. For example:
I speak English every day at work.
I repaired the flat tire on the car.
We use the passive form to say what happens to people and things, to say what is done to them. For example:
English is spoken here.
The car is being repaired.
We use the passive form when we don't know who did the action. For example:
The car was damaged while it was parked on the street.
The shirts were made in Turkey.
We use the passive form when what was done is more important than who did it. For example:
It was approved by Gerry last week.
I was informed by the Human Resources Manager only two days ago.
martes, 23 de febrero de 2010
WOULD
Would
"Would" is most commonly used to create conditional verb forms. It also serves as the past form of the modal verb "will." Additionally, "would" can indicate repetition in the past. For more information on the grammar behind the modal verb "would," visit the following tutorials: Conditional Tutorial, Future in the Past, and Would Always.
Examples:
· If he were an actor, he would be in adventure movies. conditional
· I knew that she would be very successful in her career. past of "will"
· When they first met, they would always have picnics on the beach. repetition
Using "Would" in Present, Past, and Future
Modal Use
Positive Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
Negative Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
You can also use:
would conditional
1. If I were president, I would cut the cost of education.
2. If I had been president, I would have cut the cost of education.
3. If I were elected president next year, I would cut the cost of education.
1. If I were president, I would not raise taxes.
2. If I had been president, I would not have raised taxes.
3. If I were president, I would not sign the tax increase next week.
would past of "will"
I said I would help you.
He told me he would be here before 8:00.
I said I wouldn't help you.
He told me he would not be here before 8:00.
would repetition in past
When I was a kid, I would always go to the beach.
When he was young, he would always do his homework.
When I was a kid, I wouldn't go into the water by myself.
When he got older, he would never do his homework.
used to
"Would" is most commonly used to create conditional verb forms. It also serves as the past form of the modal verb "will." Additionally, "would" can indicate repetition in the past. For more information on the grammar behind the modal verb "would," visit the following tutorials: Conditional Tutorial, Future in the Past, and Would Always.
Examples:
· If he were an actor, he would be in adventure movies. conditional
· I knew that she would be very successful in her career. past of "will"
· When they first met, they would always have picnics on the beach. repetition
Using "Would" in Present, Past, and Future
Modal Use
Positive Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
Negative Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
You can also use:
would conditional
1. If I were president, I would cut the cost of education.
2. If I had been president, I would have cut the cost of education.
3. If I were elected president next year, I would cut the cost of education.
1. If I were president, I would not raise taxes.
2. If I had been president, I would not have raised taxes.
3. If I were president, I would not sign the tax increase next week.
would past of "will"
I said I would help you.
He told me he would be here before 8:00.
I said I wouldn't help you.
He told me he would not be here before 8:00.
would repetition in past
When I was a kid, I would always go to the beach.
When he was young, he would always do his homework.
When I was a kid, I wouldn't go into the water by myself.
When he got older, he would never do his homework.
used to
SHALL
Shall
"Shall" is used to indicate future action. It is most commonly used in sentences with "I" or "we," and is often found in suggestions, such as "Shall we go?" "Shall" is also frequently used in promises or voluntary actions. In formal English, the use of "shall" to describe future events often expresses inevitability or predestination. "Shall" is much more commonly heard in British English than in American English; Americans prefer to use other forms, although they do sometimes use "shall" in suggestions or formalized language.
Examples:
· Shall I help you? suggestion
· I shall never forget where I came from. promise
· He shall become our next king. predestination
· I'm afraid Mr. Smith shall become our new director. inevitability
More Examples of "Shall"
Modal Use
Positive Forms
Negative Forms
You can also use:
shall future action
(British form)
I shall be replaced by someone from the New York office.
I shall be there by 8:00.
I shall not be replaced after all.
I shall not be there. I have a previous obligation.
will
shallsuggestions
Shall we begin dinner?
Shall we move into the living room?
should
shall volunteering,promising
(British form)
I shall take care of everything for you.
I shall make the travel arrangements. There's no need to worry.
I shall never forget you.
I shall never give up the fight for freedom.
will
shall inevitability
(British form)
Man shall explore the distant regions of the universe.
We shall overcome oppression.
Man shall never give up the exploration of the universe.
He shall not be held back.
"Shall" is used to indicate future action. It is most commonly used in sentences with "I" or "we," and is often found in suggestions, such as "Shall we go?" "Shall" is also frequently used in promises or voluntary actions. In formal English, the use of "shall" to describe future events often expresses inevitability or predestination. "Shall" is much more commonly heard in British English than in American English; Americans prefer to use other forms, although they do sometimes use "shall" in suggestions or formalized language.
Examples:
· Shall I help you? suggestion
· I shall never forget where I came from. promise
· He shall become our next king. predestination
· I'm afraid Mr. Smith shall become our new director. inevitability
More Examples of "Shall"
Modal Use
Positive Forms
Negative Forms
You can also use:
shall future action
(British form)
I shall be replaced by someone from the New York office.
I shall be there by 8:00.
I shall not be replaced after all.
I shall not be there. I have a previous obligation.
will
shallsuggestions
Shall we begin dinner?
Shall we move into the living room?
should
shall volunteering,promising
(British form)
I shall take care of everything for you.
I shall make the travel arrangements. There's no need to worry.
I shall never forget you.
I shall never give up the fight for freedom.
will
shall inevitability
(British form)
Man shall explore the distant regions of the universe.
We shall overcome oppression.
Man shall never give up the exploration of the universe.
He shall not be held back.
WILL
Will
"Will" is used with promises or voluntary actions that take place in the future. "Will" can also be used to make predictions about the future. For more information on using "will" and associated exercises, visit the Simple Future section of our Verb Tense Tutorial.
Examples:
· I promise that I will write you every single day. promise
· I will make dinner tonight. voluntary action
· He thinks it will rain tomorrow. prediction
More Examples of "Will"
Modal Use
Positive Forms
Negative Forms
You can also use:
will future action,prediction
The marketing director will be replaced by someone from the New York office.
Fred will be there by 8:00.
The marketing director will not be replaced after all.
Fred will not be there. He has a previous obligation.
shall
will volunteering,promising
I will take care of everything for you.
I will make the travel arrangements. There's no need to worry.
I will never forget you.
I will never give up the fight for freedom.
shall
"Will" is used with promises or voluntary actions that take place in the future. "Will" can also be used to make predictions about the future. For more information on using "will" and associated exercises, visit the Simple Future section of our Verb Tense Tutorial.
Examples:
· I promise that I will write you every single day. promise
· I will make dinner tonight. voluntary action
· He thinks it will rain tomorrow. prediction
More Examples of "Will"
Modal Use
Positive Forms
Negative Forms
You can also use:
will future action,prediction
The marketing director will be replaced by someone from the New York office.
Fred will be there by 8:00.
The marketing director will not be replaced after all.
Fred will not be there. He has a previous obligation.
shall
will volunteering,promising
I will take care of everything for you.
I will make the travel arrangements. There's no need to worry.
I will never forget you.
I will never give up the fight for freedom.
shall
OUGHT TO
Ought To
"Ought to" is used to advise or make recommendations. "Ought to" also expresses assumption or expectation as well as strong probability, often with the idea that something is deserved. "Ought not" (without "to") is used to advise against doing something, although Americans prefer the less formal forms "should not" or "had better not."
Examples:
· You ought to stop smoking. recommendation
· Jim ought to get the promotion. It is expected because he deserves it.
· This stock ought to increase in value. probability
· Mark ought not drink so much. advice against something (notice there is no "to")
Using "Ought to" in Present, Past, and Future
Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "ought to" behaves in different contexts.
Modal Use
Positive Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
Negative Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
You can also use:
ought to recommendation, advice
1. Margaret ought to exercise more.
2. Margaret ought to have exercised more so she would be better prepared for the marathon.
3. Margaret ought to come to the fitness center with us tonight.
1. Margaret ought not exercise too much. It might cause injury.
2. Margaret ought not have run the marathon. She wasn't in good shape.
3. Margaret ought not stay at home in front of the TV. She should go to the fitness center with us.
should
ought to assumption, expectation, probability
1. She ought to have the package by now.
2. She ought to have received the package yesterday.
3. She ought to receive the package tonight.
"Ought not" is used primarily to express negative recommendations. (See above.)
should
Notice "Ought not"Remember that "ought to" loses the "to" in the negative. Instead of "ought not to," we say "ought not." "Ought not" is more commonly used in British English. Americans prefer "should not."
Examples:
· You ought not smoke so much.
· She ought not take such risks while skiing.
· They ought not carry so much cash while traveling.
"Ought to" is used to advise or make recommendations. "Ought to" also expresses assumption or expectation as well as strong probability, often with the idea that something is deserved. "Ought not" (without "to") is used to advise against doing something, although Americans prefer the less formal forms "should not" or "had better not."
Examples:
· You ought to stop smoking. recommendation
· Jim ought to get the promotion. It is expected because he deserves it.
· This stock ought to increase in value. probability
· Mark ought not drink so much. advice against something (notice there is no "to")
Using "Ought to" in Present, Past, and Future
Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "ought to" behaves in different contexts.
Modal Use
Positive Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
Negative Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
You can also use:
ought to recommendation, advice
1. Margaret ought to exercise more.
2. Margaret ought to have exercised more so she would be better prepared for the marathon.
3. Margaret ought to come to the fitness center with us tonight.
1. Margaret ought not exercise too much. It might cause injury.
2. Margaret ought not have run the marathon. She wasn't in good shape.
3. Margaret ought not stay at home in front of the TV. She should go to the fitness center with us.
should
ought to assumption, expectation, probability
1. She ought to have the package by now.
2. She ought to have received the package yesterday.
3. She ought to receive the package tonight.
"Ought not" is used primarily to express negative recommendations. (See above.)
should
Notice "Ought not"Remember that "ought to" loses the "to" in the negative. Instead of "ought not to," we say "ought not." "Ought not" is more commonly used in British English. Americans prefer "should not."
Examples:
· You ought not smoke so much.
· She ought not take such risks while skiing.
· They ought not carry so much cash while traveling.
SHOULD
Should
"Should" is most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to express obligation as well as expectation.
Examples:
· When you go to Berlin, you should visit the palaces in Potsdam. recommendation
· You should focus more on your family and less on work. advice
· I really should be in the office by 7:00 AM. obligation
· By now, they should already be in Dubai. expectation
Using "Should" in Present, Past, and Future
Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "should" behaves in different contexts.
Modal Use
Positive Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
Negative Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
You can also use:
should recommendation, advisability
1. People with high cholesterol should eat low-fat foods.
2. Frank should have eaten low-fat foods. That might have prevented his heart attack.
3. You really should start eating better.
1. Sarah shouldn't smoke so much. It's not good for her health.
2. Sarah shouldn't have smoked so much. That's what caused her health problems.
3. Sarah shouldn't smoke when she visits Martha next week. Martha hates when people smoke in her house.
ought to
should obligation
I should be at work before 9:00.
We should return the video before the video rental store closes.
"Should" can also express something between recommendation and obligation. "Be supposed to" expresses a similar idea and can easily be used in the past or in negative forms.
NO NEGATIVE FORMS
be supposed to
should expectation
1. Susan should be in New York by now.
2. Susan should have arrived in New York last week. Let's call her and see what she is up to.
3. Susan should be in New York by next week. Her new job starts on Monday.
1. Susan shouldn't be in New York yet.
2. Susan shouldn't have arrived in New York until yesterday.
3. Susan shouldn't arrive in New York until next week.
ought to, be supposed to
"Should" is most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to express obligation as well as expectation.
Examples:
· When you go to Berlin, you should visit the palaces in Potsdam. recommendation
· You should focus more on your family and less on work. advice
· I really should be in the office by 7:00 AM. obligation
· By now, they should already be in Dubai. expectation
Using "Should" in Present, Past, and Future
Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "should" behaves in different contexts.
Modal Use
Positive Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
Negative Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
You can also use:
should recommendation, advisability
1. People with high cholesterol should eat low-fat foods.
2. Frank should have eaten low-fat foods. That might have prevented his heart attack.
3. You really should start eating better.
1. Sarah shouldn't smoke so much. It's not good for her health.
2. Sarah shouldn't have smoked so much. That's what caused her health problems.
3. Sarah shouldn't smoke when she visits Martha next week. Martha hates when people smoke in her house.
ought to
should obligation
I should be at work before 9:00.
We should return the video before the video rental store closes.
"Should" can also express something between recommendation and obligation. "Be supposed to" expresses a similar idea and can easily be used in the past or in negative forms.
NO NEGATIVE FORMS
be supposed to
should expectation
1. Susan should be in New York by now.
2. Susan should have arrived in New York last week. Let's call her and see what she is up to.
3. Susan should be in New York by next week. Her new job starts on Monday.
1. Susan shouldn't be in New York yet.
2. Susan shouldn't have arrived in New York until yesterday.
3. Susan shouldn't arrive in New York until next week.
ought to, be supposed to
MUST
Must
"Must" is most commonly used to express certainty. It can also be used to express necessity or strong recommendation, although native speakers prefer the more flexible form "have to." "Must not" can be used to prohibit actions, but this sounds very severe; speakers prefer to use softer modal verbs such as "should not" or "ought not" to dissuade rather than prohibit.
Examples:
· This must be the right address! certainty
· Students must pass an entrance examination to study at this school. necessity
· You must take some medicine for that cough. strong recommendation
· Jenny, you must not play in the street! prohibition
Using "Must" in Present, Past, and Future
Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "must" behaves in different contexts.
Modal Use
Positive Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
Negative Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
You can also use:
must certainty
1. That must be Jerry. They said he was tall with bright red hair.
2. That must have been the right restaurant. There are no other restaurants on this street.
3. NO FUTURE FORM
1. That must not be Jerry. He is supposed to have red hair.
2. That must not have been the right restaurant. I guess there is another one around here somewhere.
3. NO FUTURE FORM
have to
must not prohibition
You must not swim in that river. It's full of crocodiles.
You must not forget to take your malaria medication while your are in the tropics.
Prohibition usually refer to the near future.
must strong recommendation
(Americans prefer the form "should.")
1. You must take some time off and get some rest.
2. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" You should have taken some time off last week to get some rest.
3. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" You should take some time off next week to get some rest.
1. You mustn't drink so much. It's not good for your health.
2. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" You shouldn't have drunk so much. That caused the accident.
3. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" You shouldn't drink at the party. You are going to be the designated driver.
should
must necessity
(Americans prefer the form "have to.")
1. You must have a permit to enter the national park.
2. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" We had to have a permit to enter the park.
3. We must get a permit to enter the park next week.
1. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" We don't have to get a permit to enter the national park.
2. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" We didn't have to get a permit to enter the national park.
3. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" We won't have to get a permit to enter the national park.
have to
REMEMBER: "Must not" vs. "Do not have to""Must not" suggests that you are prohibited from doing something. "Do not have to" suggests that someone is not required to do something.
Examples:
· You must not eat that. It is forbidden, it is not allowed.
· You don't have to eat that. You can if you want to, but it is not necessary.
"Must" is most commonly used to express certainty. It can also be used to express necessity or strong recommendation, although native speakers prefer the more flexible form "have to." "Must not" can be used to prohibit actions, but this sounds very severe; speakers prefer to use softer modal verbs such as "should not" or "ought not" to dissuade rather than prohibit.
Examples:
· This must be the right address! certainty
· Students must pass an entrance examination to study at this school. necessity
· You must take some medicine for that cough. strong recommendation
· Jenny, you must not play in the street! prohibition
Using "Must" in Present, Past, and Future
Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "must" behaves in different contexts.
Modal Use
Positive Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
Negative Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
You can also use:
must certainty
1. That must be Jerry. They said he was tall with bright red hair.
2. That must have been the right restaurant. There are no other restaurants on this street.
3. NO FUTURE FORM
1. That must not be Jerry. He is supposed to have red hair.
2. That must not have been the right restaurant. I guess there is another one around here somewhere.
3. NO FUTURE FORM
have to
must not prohibition
You must not swim in that river. It's full of crocodiles.
You must not forget to take your malaria medication while your are in the tropics.
Prohibition usually refer to the near future.
must strong recommendation
(Americans prefer the form "should.")
1. You must take some time off and get some rest.
2. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" You should have taken some time off last week to get some rest.
3. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" You should take some time off next week to get some rest.
1. You mustn't drink so much. It's not good for your health.
2. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" You shouldn't have drunk so much. That caused the accident.
3. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" You shouldn't drink at the party. You are going to be the designated driver.
should
must necessity
(Americans prefer the form "have to.")
1. You must have a permit to enter the national park.
2. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" We had to have a permit to enter the park.
3. We must get a permit to enter the park next week.
1. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" We don't have to get a permit to enter the national park.
2. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" We didn't have to get a permit to enter the national park.
3. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" We won't have to get a permit to enter the national park.
have to
REMEMBER: "Must not" vs. "Do not have to""Must not" suggests that you are prohibited from doing something. "Do not have to" suggests that someone is not required to do something.
Examples:
· You must not eat that. It is forbidden, it is not allowed.
· You don't have to eat that. You can if you want to, but it is not necessary.
MIGHT
Might
"Might" is most commonly used to express possibility. It is also often used in conditional sentences. English speakers can also use "might" to make suggestions or requests, although this is less common in American English.
Examples:
· Your purse might be in the living room. possibility
· If I didn't have to work, I might go with you. conditional
· You might visit the botanical gardens during your visit. suggestion
· Might I borrow your pen? request
Using "Might" in Present, Past, and Future
Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "might" behaves in different contexts.
Modal Use
Positive Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
Negative Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
You can also use:
might possibility
1. She might be on the bus. I think her car is having problems.
2. She might have taken the bus. I'm not sure how she got to work.
3. She might take the bus to get home. I don't think Bill will be able to give her a ride.
1. She might not be on the bus. She might be walking home.
2. She might not have taken the bus. She might have walked home.
3. She might not take the bus. She might get a ride from Bill.
could, may
might conditional of may
1. If I entered the contest, I might actually win.
2. If I had entered the contest, I might actually have won.
3. If I entered the contest tomorrow, I might actually win. Unfortunately, I can't enter it.
1. Even if I entered the contest, I might not win.
2. Even if I had entered the contest, I might not have won.
3. Even if I entered the contest tomorrow, I might not win.
might suggestion
1. NO PRESENT FORM
2. You might have tried the cheese cake.
3. You might try the cheesecake.
1. NO PRESENT FORM
2. PAST FORM UNCOMMON
3. You might not want to eat the cheese cake. It's very calorific.
could
might request
(British form)
Might I have something to drink?
Might I borrow the stapler?
Requests usually refer to the near future.
NEGATIVE FORMS UNCOMMON
could, may, can
REMEMBER: "Might not" vs. "Could not" "Might not" suggests you do not know if something happens. "Could not" suggests that it is impossible for something to happen.
Examples:
· Jack might not have the key. Maybe he does not have the key.
· Jack could not have the key. It is impossible that he has the key.
"Might" is most commonly used to express possibility. It is also often used in conditional sentences. English speakers can also use "might" to make suggestions or requests, although this is less common in American English.
Examples:
· Your purse might be in the living room. possibility
· If I didn't have to work, I might go with you. conditional
· You might visit the botanical gardens during your visit. suggestion
· Might I borrow your pen? request
Using "Might" in Present, Past, and Future
Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "might" behaves in different contexts.
Modal Use
Positive Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
Negative Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
You can also use:
might possibility
1. She might be on the bus. I think her car is having problems.
2. She might have taken the bus. I'm not sure how she got to work.
3. She might take the bus to get home. I don't think Bill will be able to give her a ride.
1. She might not be on the bus. She might be walking home.
2. She might not have taken the bus. She might have walked home.
3. She might not take the bus. She might get a ride from Bill.
could, may
might conditional of may
1. If I entered the contest, I might actually win.
2. If I had entered the contest, I might actually have won.
3. If I entered the contest tomorrow, I might actually win. Unfortunately, I can't enter it.
1. Even if I entered the contest, I might not win.
2. Even if I had entered the contest, I might not have won.
3. Even if I entered the contest tomorrow, I might not win.
might suggestion
1. NO PRESENT FORM
2. You might have tried the cheese cake.
3. You might try the cheesecake.
1. NO PRESENT FORM
2. PAST FORM UNCOMMON
3. You might not want to eat the cheese cake. It's very calorific.
could
might request
(British form)
Might I have something to drink?
Might I borrow the stapler?
Requests usually refer to the near future.
NEGATIVE FORMS UNCOMMON
could, may, can
REMEMBER: "Might not" vs. "Could not" "Might not" suggests you do not know if something happens. "Could not" suggests that it is impossible for something to happen.
Examples:
· Jack might not have the key. Maybe he does not have the key.
· Jack could not have the key. It is impossible that he has the key.
MAY
May
"May" is most commonly used to express possibility. It can also be used to give or request permission, although this usage is becoming less common.
Examples:
· Cheryl may be at home, or perhaps at work. possibility
· Johnny, you may leave the table when you have finished your dinner. give permission
· May I use your bathroom? request permission
Using "May" in Present, Past, and Future
Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "may" behaves in different contexts.
Modal Use
Positive Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
Negative Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
You can also use:
maypossibility
1. Jack may be upset. I can't really tell if he is annoyed or tired.
2. Jack may have been upset. I couldn't really tell if he was annoyed or tired.
3. Jack may get upset if you don't tell him the truth.
1. Jack may not be upset. Perhaps he is tired.
2. Jack may not have been upset. Perhaps he was tired.
3. Jack may not get upset, even if you tell him the truth
might
maygive permission
1. You may leave the table now that you're finished with your dinner.
2. SHIFT TO "BE ALLOWED TO" You were allowed to leave the table after you finished your dinner.
3. You may leave the table when you finish your dinner.
1. You may not leave the table. You're not finished with your dinner yet.
2. SHIFT TO "BE ALLOWED TO" You were not allowed to leave the table because you hadn't finished your dinner.
3. You may not leave the table until you are finished with your dinner.
can
mayrequest permission
May I borrow your eraser?
May I make a phone call?
Requests usually refer to the near future.
NO NEGATIVE FORMS
can, might
"May" is most commonly used to express possibility. It can also be used to give or request permission, although this usage is becoming less common.
Examples:
· Cheryl may be at home, or perhaps at work. possibility
· Johnny, you may leave the table when you have finished your dinner. give permission
· May I use your bathroom? request permission
Using "May" in Present, Past, and Future
Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "may" behaves in different contexts.
Modal Use
Positive Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
Negative Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
You can also use:
maypossibility
1. Jack may be upset. I can't really tell if he is annoyed or tired.
2. Jack may have been upset. I couldn't really tell if he was annoyed or tired.
3. Jack may get upset if you don't tell him the truth.
1. Jack may not be upset. Perhaps he is tired.
2. Jack may not have been upset. Perhaps he was tired.
3. Jack may not get upset, even if you tell him the truth
might
maygive permission
1. You may leave the table now that you're finished with your dinner.
2. SHIFT TO "BE ALLOWED TO" You were allowed to leave the table after you finished your dinner.
3. You may leave the table when you finish your dinner.
1. You may not leave the table. You're not finished with your dinner yet.
2. SHIFT TO "BE ALLOWED TO" You were not allowed to leave the table because you hadn't finished your dinner.
3. You may not leave the table until you are finished with your dinner.
can
mayrequest permission
May I borrow your eraser?
May I make a phone call?
Requests usually refer to the near future.
NO NEGATIVE FORMS
can, might
HAD BETTER
Had Better
"Had better" is most commonly used to make recommendations. It can also be used to express desperate hope as well as warn people.
Examples:
· You had better take your umbrella with you today. recommendation
· That bus had better get here soon! desperate hope
· You had better watch the way you talk to me in the future! warning
Using "Had Better" in Present, Past, and Future
Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "had better" behaves in different contexts.
Use
Positive Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
Negative Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
You can also use:
had better recommendation
1. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" OR "OUGHT TO" People should unplug toasters before they clean them.
2. SHIFT TO "SHOULD HAVE" OR "OUGHT TO HAVE" You should have unplugged the toaster before you tried to clean it.
3. You had better unplug the toaster before you try to clean it.
1. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" OR "OUGHT TO" People shouldn't clean toasters without unplugging them first.
2. SHIFT TO "SHOULD HAVE" OR "OUGHT TO HAVE" You shouldn't have cleaned the toaster without unplugging it first.
3. You had better not clean the toaster until you unplug it.
should, ought to
had better desperate hope,warning
The movie had better end soon.
They had better be here before we start dinner.
Desperate hopes and warnings usually refer to the near future.
They had better not be late.
They had better not forget Tom's birthday gift.
Desperate hopes and warnings usually refer to the near future.
"Had better" is often simply pronounced as "better" in spoken English.
"Had better" is most commonly used to make recommendations. It can also be used to express desperate hope as well as warn people.
Examples:
· You had better take your umbrella with you today. recommendation
· That bus had better get here soon! desperate hope
· You had better watch the way you talk to me in the future! warning
Using "Had Better" in Present, Past, and Future
Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "had better" behaves in different contexts.
Use
Positive Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
Negative Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
You can also use:
had better recommendation
1. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" OR "OUGHT TO" People should unplug toasters before they clean them.
2. SHIFT TO "SHOULD HAVE" OR "OUGHT TO HAVE" You should have unplugged the toaster before you tried to clean it.
3. You had better unplug the toaster before you try to clean it.
1. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" OR "OUGHT TO" People shouldn't clean toasters without unplugging them first.
2. SHIFT TO "SHOULD HAVE" OR "OUGHT TO HAVE" You shouldn't have cleaned the toaster without unplugging it first.
3. You had better not clean the toaster until you unplug it.
should, ought to
had better desperate hope,warning
The movie had better end soon.
They had better be here before we start dinner.
Desperate hopes and warnings usually refer to the near future.
They had better not be late.
They had better not forget Tom's birthday gift.
Desperate hopes and warnings usually refer to the near future.
"Had better" is often simply pronounced as "better" in spoken English.
HAVE GOT TO
Have Got To
"Have got to" is used to express necessity and obligation.
Examples:
· Drivers have got to get a license to drive a car in the US. necessity
· I have got to be at work by 8:30 AM. obligation
Using "Have Got to" in Present, Past, and Future
Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "have got to" behaves in different contexts.
Use
Positive Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
Negative Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
You can also use:
have got to necessity
1. People have got to be on time if they want to get a seat in the crowded theater.
2. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" You had to be on time if you wanted to get a seat in the crowded theater.
3. You have got to be there on time tonight if you want to get a seat in the crowded theater.
1. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" People don't have to be there on time to get a seat.
2. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" You didn't have to be there on time to get a seat.
3. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" You won't have to be there on time to get a seat.
have to, must
haven't got to future obligation
Haven't you got to be there by 7:00?
Haven't you got to finish that project today?
"Haven't got to" is primarily used to ask about future obligations. It can be used in statements, but this is less common.
Don't you have to
"Have got to" is used to express necessity and obligation.
Examples:
· Drivers have got to get a license to drive a car in the US. necessity
· I have got to be at work by 8:30 AM. obligation
Using "Have Got to" in Present, Past, and Future
Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "have got to" behaves in different contexts.
Use
Positive Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
Negative Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
You can also use:
have got to necessity
1. People have got to be on time if they want to get a seat in the crowded theater.
2. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" You had to be on time if you wanted to get a seat in the crowded theater.
3. You have got to be there on time tonight if you want to get a seat in the crowded theater.
1. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" People don't have to be there on time to get a seat.
2. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" You didn't have to be there on time to get a seat.
3. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" You won't have to be there on time to get a seat.
have to, must
haven't got to future obligation
Haven't you got to be there by 7:00?
Haven't you got to finish that project today?
"Haven't got to" is primarily used to ask about future obligations. It can be used in statements, but this is less common.
Don't you have to
HAVE TO
Have To
"Have to" is used to express certainty, necessity, and obligation.
Examples:
· This answer has to be correct. certainty
· The soup has to be stirred continuously to prevent burning. necessity
· They have to leave early. obligation
Using "Have to" in Present, Past, and Future
"Have to" behaves quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "have to" behaves in different contexts.
Use
Positive Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
Negative Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
You can also use:
have to certainty
1. That has to be Jerry. They said he was tall with bright red hair.
2. That has to have been the right restaurant. There were no other restaurants on the street.
3. NONE
1. SHIFT TO "MUST" That must not be Jerry. They said he has blond hair, not red hair.
2. SHIFT TO "MUST" That must not have been the right restaurant. I guess there was another one around there somewhere.
3. NONE
must, have got to
have to necessity
1. She has to read four books for this literature class.
2. She had to finish the first book before the midterm.
3. She will have to finish the other books before the final exam.
1. She doesn't have to read "Grapes of Wrath." It's optional reading for extra credit.
2. She didn't have to write a critique of "The Scarlet Letter." She had to give a presentation to her class.
3. She won't have to take any other literature classes. American Literature 101 is the only required course.
must
REMEMBER: "Do not have to" vs. "Must not" "Do not have to" suggests that someone is not required to do something. "Must not" suggests that you are prohibited from doing something.
Examples:
· You must not eat that. It is forbidden, it is not allowed.
· You don't have to eat that. You can if you want to, but it is not necessary.
"Have to" is used to express certainty, necessity, and obligation.
Examples:
· This answer has to be correct. certainty
· The soup has to be stirred continuously to prevent burning. necessity
· They have to leave early. obligation
Using "Have to" in Present, Past, and Future
"Have to" behaves quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "have to" behaves in different contexts.
Use
Positive Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
Negative Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
You can also use:
have to certainty
1. That has to be Jerry. They said he was tall with bright red hair.
2. That has to have been the right restaurant. There were no other restaurants on the street.
3. NONE
1. SHIFT TO "MUST" That must not be Jerry. They said he has blond hair, not red hair.
2. SHIFT TO "MUST" That must not have been the right restaurant. I guess there was another one around there somewhere.
3. NONE
must, have got to
have to necessity
1. She has to read four books for this literature class.
2. She had to finish the first book before the midterm.
3. She will have to finish the other books before the final exam.
1. She doesn't have to read "Grapes of Wrath." It's optional reading for extra credit.
2. She didn't have to write a critique of "The Scarlet Letter." She had to give a presentation to her class.
3. She won't have to take any other literature classes. American Literature 101 is the only required course.
must
REMEMBER: "Do not have to" vs. "Must not" "Do not have to" suggests that someone is not required to do something. "Must not" suggests that you are prohibited from doing something.
Examples:
· You must not eat that. It is forbidden, it is not allowed.
· You don't have to eat that. You can if you want to, but it is not necessary.
COULD
Could
"Could" is used to express possibility or past ability as well as to make suggestions and requests. "Could" is also commonly used in conditional sentences as the conditional form of "can."
Examples:
· Extreme rain could cause the river to flood the city. possibility
· Nancy could ski like a pro by the age of 11. past ability
· You could see a movie or go out to dinner. suggestion
· Could I use your computer to email my boss? request
· We could go on the trip if I didn't have to work this weekend. conditional
Using "Could" in Present, Past, and Future
Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "could" behaves in different contexts.
Modal Use
Positive Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
Negative Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
You can also use:
could possibility
1. John could be the one who stole the money.
2. John could have been the one who stole the money.
3. John could go to jail for stealing the money.
1. Mary couldn't be the one who stole the money.
2. Mary couldn't have been the one who stole the money.
3. Mary couldn't possibly go to jail for the crime.
might, may
could conditional of can
1. If I had more time, I could travel around the world.
2. If I had had more time, I could have traveled around the world.
3. If I had more time this winter, I could travel around the world.
1. Even if I had more time, I couldn't travel around the world.
2. Even if I had had more time, I couldn't have traveled around the world.
3. Even if I had more time this winter, I couldn't travel around the world.
could suggestion
1. NO PRESENT FORM
2. You could have spent your vacation in Hawaii.
3. You could spend your vacation in Hawaii.
NO NEGATIVE FORMS
could past ability
I could run ten miles in my twenties.
I could speak Chinese when I was a kid.
"Could" cannot be used in positive sentences in which you describe a momentary or one-time ability.
Yesterday, I could lift the couch by myself. Not Correct
I couldn't run more than a mile in my twenties.
I couldn't speak Swahili.
"Could" can be used in negative sentences in which you describe a momentary or one-time ability.
Yesterday, I couldn't lift the couch by myself. Correct
be able to
could polite request
Could I have something to drink?
Could I borrow your stapler?
Requests usually refer to the near future.
Couldn't he come with us?
Couldn't you help me with this for just a second?
Requests usually refer to the near future.
can, may, might
REMEMBER: "Could not" vs. "Might not""Could not" suggests that it is impossible for something to happen. "Might not" suggests you do not know if something happens.
Examples:
· Jack might not have the key. Maybe he does not have the key.
· Jack could not have the key. It is impossible that he has the key.
"Could" is used to express possibility or past ability as well as to make suggestions and requests. "Could" is also commonly used in conditional sentences as the conditional form of "can."
Examples:
· Extreme rain could cause the river to flood the city. possibility
· Nancy could ski like a pro by the age of 11. past ability
· You could see a movie or go out to dinner. suggestion
· Could I use your computer to email my boss? request
· We could go on the trip if I didn't have to work this weekend. conditional
Using "Could" in Present, Past, and Future
Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "could" behaves in different contexts.
Modal Use
Positive Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
Negative Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
You can also use:
could possibility
1. John could be the one who stole the money.
2. John could have been the one who stole the money.
3. John could go to jail for stealing the money.
1. Mary couldn't be the one who stole the money.
2. Mary couldn't have been the one who stole the money.
3. Mary couldn't possibly go to jail for the crime.
might, may
could conditional of can
1. If I had more time, I could travel around the world.
2. If I had had more time, I could have traveled around the world.
3. If I had more time this winter, I could travel around the world.
1. Even if I had more time, I couldn't travel around the world.
2. Even if I had had more time, I couldn't have traveled around the world.
3. Even if I had more time this winter, I couldn't travel around the world.
could suggestion
1. NO PRESENT FORM
2. You could have spent your vacation in Hawaii.
3. You could spend your vacation in Hawaii.
NO NEGATIVE FORMS
could past ability
I could run ten miles in my twenties.
I could speak Chinese when I was a kid.
"Could" cannot be used in positive sentences in which you describe a momentary or one-time ability.
Yesterday, I could lift the couch by myself. Not Correct
I couldn't run more than a mile in my twenties.
I couldn't speak Swahili.
"Could" can be used in negative sentences in which you describe a momentary or one-time ability.
Yesterday, I couldn't lift the couch by myself. Correct
be able to
could polite request
Could I have something to drink?
Could I borrow your stapler?
Requests usually refer to the near future.
Couldn't he come with us?
Couldn't you help me with this for just a second?
Requests usually refer to the near future.
can, may, might
REMEMBER: "Could not" vs. "Might not""Could not" suggests that it is impossible for something to happen. "Might not" suggests you do not know if something happens.
Examples:
· Jack might not have the key. Maybe he does not have the key.
· Jack could not have the key. It is impossible that he has the key.
CAN
Can
"Can" is one of the most commonly used modal verbs in English. It can be used to express ability or opportunity, to request or offer permission, and to show possibility or impossibility.
Examples:
· I can ride a horse. ability
· We can stay with my brother when we are in Paris. opportunity
· She cannot stay out after 10 PM. permission
· Can you hand me the stapler? request
· Any child can grow up to be president. possibility
Using "Can" in Present, Past, and Future
Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "can" behaves in different contexts.
Modal Use
Positive Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
Negative Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
You can also use:
can general ability
1. I can speak Chinese.
2. SHIFT TO "COULD" I could speak Chinese when I was a kid.
3. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO" I will be able to speak Chinese by the time I finish my course.
1. I can't speak Swahili.
2. SHIFT TO "COULD" I couldn't speak Swahili.
3. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO" I won't be able to speak Swahili.
be able to
can ability during a specific event
1. With a burst of adrenaline, people can pick up cars.
2. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO" With a sudden burst of adrenaline, he was able to lift the car off the child's leg.
3. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO" With a sudden burst of adrenaline, he will be able to lift the car.
1. Even with a burst of adrenaline, people can't pick up something that heavy.
2. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO" Even the weight lifter, couldn't lift the car off the child's leg.
3. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO" Even three men working together won't be able to lift the car.
be able to
can opportunity
1. I have some free time. I can help her now.
2. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO" I had some free time yesterday. I was able to help her at that time.
3. I'll have some free time tomorrow. I can help her then.
1. I don't have any time. I can't help her now.
2. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO" I didn't have time yesterday. I wasn't able to help her at that time.
3. I won't have any time later. I can't help her then.
be able to
can permission
1. I can drive Susan's car when she is out of town.
2. SHIFT TO "BE ALLOWED TO " I was allowed to drive Susan's car while she was out of town last week.
3. I can drive Susan's car while she is out of town next week.
1. I can't drive Susan's car when she is out of town.
2. SHIFT TO "BE ALLOWED TO " I wasn't allowed to drive Susan's car while she was out of town last week.
3. I can't drive Susan's car while she is out of town next week.
may
can request
Can I have a glass of water?
Can you give me a lift to school?
Requests usually refer to the near future.
Can't I have a glass of water?
Can't you give me a lift to school?
Requests usually refer to the near future.
could, may
can possibility, impossibility
Anyone can become rich and famous if they know the right people.
Learning a language can be a real challenge.
This use is usually a generalization or a supposition.
It can't cost more than a dollar or two.
You can't be 45! I thought you were about 18 years old.
This use is usually a generalization or a supposition.
cou
"Can" is one of the most commonly used modal verbs in English. It can be used to express ability or opportunity, to request or offer permission, and to show possibility or impossibility.
Examples:
· I can ride a horse. ability
· We can stay with my brother when we are in Paris. opportunity
· She cannot stay out after 10 PM. permission
· Can you hand me the stapler? request
· Any child can grow up to be president. possibility
Using "Can" in Present, Past, and Future
Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "can" behaves in different contexts.
Modal Use
Positive Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
Negative Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
You can also use:
can general ability
1. I can speak Chinese.
2. SHIFT TO "COULD" I could speak Chinese when I was a kid.
3. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO" I will be able to speak Chinese by the time I finish my course.
1. I can't speak Swahili.
2. SHIFT TO "COULD" I couldn't speak Swahili.
3. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO" I won't be able to speak Swahili.
be able to
can ability during a specific event
1. With a burst of adrenaline, people can pick up cars.
2. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO" With a sudden burst of adrenaline, he was able to lift the car off the child's leg.
3. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO" With a sudden burst of adrenaline, he will be able to lift the car.
1. Even with a burst of adrenaline, people can't pick up something that heavy.
2. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO" Even the weight lifter, couldn't lift the car off the child's leg.
3. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO" Even three men working together won't be able to lift the car.
be able to
can opportunity
1. I have some free time. I can help her now.
2. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO" I had some free time yesterday. I was able to help her at that time.
3. I'll have some free time tomorrow. I can help her then.
1. I don't have any time. I can't help her now.
2. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO" I didn't have time yesterday. I wasn't able to help her at that time.
3. I won't have any time later. I can't help her then.
be able to
can permission
1. I can drive Susan's car when she is out of town.
2. SHIFT TO "BE ALLOWED TO " I was allowed to drive Susan's car while she was out of town last week.
3. I can drive Susan's car while she is out of town next week.
1. I can't drive Susan's car when she is out of town.
2. SHIFT TO "BE ALLOWED TO " I wasn't allowed to drive Susan's car while she was out of town last week.
3. I can't drive Susan's car while she is out of town next week.
may
can request
Can I have a glass of water?
Can you give me a lift to school?
Requests usually refer to the near future.
Can't I have a glass of water?
Can't you give me a lift to school?
Requests usually refer to the near future.
could, may
can possibility, impossibility
Anyone can become rich and famous if they know the right people.
Learning a language can be a real challenge.
This use is usually a generalization or a supposition.
It can't cost more than a dollar or two.
You can't be 45! I thought you were about 18 years old.
This use is usually a generalization or a supposition.
cou
4TH-MODAL VERBS EXERCISES
Modal Verbs Exercise 1
Gap-fill Exercise
Complete the sentences using the words listed in the box below, then click the "Check" button to check your answers. Don't forget to capitalize when necessary. Some gaps may have more than one correct answer.
can could have to must might should
Principio del formulario
1. Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He be exhausted after such a long flight. He prefer to stay in tonight and get some rest.2. If you want to get a better feeling for how the city is laid out, you walk downtown and explore the waterfront.3. Hiking the trail to the peak be dangerous if you are not well prepared for dramatic weather changes. You research the route a little more before you attempt the ascent.4. When you have a small child in the house, you leave small objects lying around. Such objects be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death.5. Dave: you hold your breath for more than a minute?Nathan: No, I can't.6. Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It have cost a fortune.7. Please make sure to water my plants while I am gone. If they don't get enough water, they die.8. I speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Egypt. But after we moved back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and forgot almost everything I knew as a child. Now, I just say a few things in the language.9. The book is optional. My professor said we read it if we needed extra credit. But we read it if we don't want to.10. Leo: Where is the spatula? It be in this drawer but it's not here.Nancy: I just did a load of dishes last night and they're still in the dish washer. It be in there. That's the only other place it be.11. You take your umbrella along with you today. The weatherman on the news said there's a storm north of here and it rain later on this afternoon.12. we pull over at the next rest stop? I really use the bathroom and I don't know if I hold it until we get to Chicago. 13. Oh no! Frank's wallet is lying on the coffee table. He have left it here last night.14. Ned: I borrow your lighter for a minute?Stephen: Sure, no problem. Actually, you keep it if you want to. I've given up smoking.15. I believe she said that to Megan! She insult her cooking in front of everyone at the party last night. She have just said she was full or had some salad if she didn't like the meal. 16. Do you chew with your mouth open like that? Geez, it's making me sick watching you eat that piece of pizza.17. Mrs. Scarlett's body was found in the lounge just moments ago, and it's still warm! Nobody has left the mansion this evening, so the killer be someone in this room. It be any one of us!!!18. Ted: I don't know why Denise starting crying when I mentioned the wedding.Pamela: It have been what you said about her brother. Or, perhaps she is just nervous. After all, the big day is tomorrow.19. you always say the first thing that pops into your head? you think once in awhile before you speak?20. I was reading the book last night before I went to bed. I never took it out of this room. It be lying around here somewhere. Where it be? be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death.
Final del formulario
Gap-fill Exercise
Complete the sentences using the words listed in the box below, then click the "Check" button to check your answers. Don't forget to capitalize when necessary. Some gaps may have more than one correct answer.
can could have to must might should
Principio del formulario
1. Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He be exhausted after such a long flight. He prefer to stay in tonight and get some rest.2. If you want to get a better feeling for how the city is laid out, you walk downtown and explore the waterfront.3. Hiking the trail to the peak be dangerous if you are not well prepared for dramatic weather changes. You research the route a little more before you attempt the ascent.4. When you have a small child in the house, you leave small objects lying around. Such objects be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death.5. Dave: you hold your breath for more than a minute?Nathan: No, I can't.6. Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It have cost a fortune.7. Please make sure to water my plants while I am gone. If they don't get enough water, they die.8. I speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Egypt. But after we moved back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and forgot almost everything I knew as a child. Now, I just say a few things in the language.9. The book is optional. My professor said we read it if we needed extra credit. But we read it if we don't want to.10. Leo: Where is the spatula? It be in this drawer but it's not here.Nancy: I just did a load of dishes last night and they're still in the dish washer. It be in there. That's the only other place it be.11. You take your umbrella along with you today. The weatherman on the news said there's a storm north of here and it rain later on this afternoon.12. we pull over at the next rest stop? I really use the bathroom and I don't know if I hold it until we get to Chicago. 13. Oh no! Frank's wallet is lying on the coffee table. He have left it here last night.14. Ned: I borrow your lighter for a minute?Stephen: Sure, no problem. Actually, you keep it if you want to. I've given up smoking.15. I believe she said that to Megan! She insult her cooking in front of everyone at the party last night. She have just said she was full or had some salad if she didn't like the meal. 16. Do you chew with your mouth open like that? Geez, it's making me sick watching you eat that piece of pizza.17. Mrs. Scarlett's body was found in the lounge just moments ago, and it's still warm! Nobody has left the mansion this evening, so the killer be someone in this room. It be any one of us!!!18. Ted: I don't know why Denise starting crying when I mentioned the wedding.Pamela: It have been what you said about her brother. Or, perhaps she is just nervous. After all, the big day is tomorrow.19. you always say the first thing that pops into your head? you think once in awhile before you speak?20. I was reading the book last night before I went to bed. I never took it out of this room. It be lying around here somewhere. Where it be? be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death.
Final del formulario
4TH-MODAL FORMS
Modal Forms
Modal verbs can be used in a variety of different forms. Study the examples below.
Modal SimpleI could swim at the beach.
Modal Continuous I could be swimming at the beach right now.
Modal Perfect I could have swum at the beach yesterday.
Modal Perfect Continuous I could have been swimming at the beach instead of working in the office.
Passive Modal Simple The room should be cleaned once a day.
Passive Modal Continuous The room should be being cleaned now.
Passive Modal Perfect The room should have been cleaned yesterday.
Passive Modal Perfect Continuous The room should have been being cleaned but nobody was there. (Rare form)
Modal verbs can be used in a variety of different forms. Study the examples below.
Modal SimpleI could swim at the beach.
Modal Continuous I could be swimming at the beach right now.
Modal Perfect I could have swum at the beach yesterday.
Modal Perfect Continuous I could have been swimming at the beach instead of working in the office.
Passive Modal Simple The room should be cleaned once a day.
Passive Modal Continuous The room should be being cleaned now.
Passive Modal Perfect The room should have been cleaned yesterday.
Passive Modal Perfect Continuous The room should have been being cleaned but nobody was there. (Rare form)
4TH-MODAL VERBS-INTRODUCTION
What are Modal Verbs?
Modal verbs are special verbs which behave very differently from normal verbs. Here are some important differences:
1. Modal verbs do not take "-s" in the third person.
Examples:
· He can speak Chinese.
· She should be here by 9:00.
2. You use "not" to make modal verbs negative, even in Simple Present and Simple Past.
Examples:
· He should not be late.
· They might not come to the party.
3. Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past tenses or the future tenses.
Examples:
· He will can go with us. Not Correct
· She musted study very hard. Not Correct
Common Modal Verbs
Can Could May Might Must
Ought to Shall Should Will Would
Modal verbs are special verbs which behave very differently from normal verbs. Here are some important differences:
1. Modal verbs do not take "-s" in the third person.
Examples:
· He can speak Chinese.
· She should be here by 9:00.
2. You use "not" to make modal verbs negative, even in Simple Present and Simple Past.
Examples:
· He should not be late.
· They might not come to the party.
3. Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past tenses or the future tenses.
Examples:
· He will can go with us. Not Correct
· She musted study very hard. Not Correct
Common Modal Verbs
Can Could May Might Must
Ought to Shall Should Will Would
4TH- MODAL VERBS-INTRODUCTION
Second Conditional Exercise at Auto-English
IF + PAST SIMPLE , WOULD + INFINITIVE
WOULD+ INFINITIVE + IF + PAST SIMPLE
Fill the gap using the verb in brackets. 5 gaps need a NEGATIVE verb!
1
I ___________________ that if I were you. It's bad luck. (to do)
2
They'd be a better team if they ___________________ fitter. (to be)
3
If I had some spare money, I ___________________ a DVD player. (to buy)
4
Those children ___________________ so horrible if their parents were stricter. (to be)
5
I wouldn't go out with him even if you ___________________ me. (to pay)
6
If we ___________________ so hard, we wouldn't be so tired all the time. (to work)
7
If she didn't take so long in the shower, she ___________________ more time for breakfast. (to have)
8
If you ___________________ so much beer, you wouldn't be so fat. (to drink)
9
The world ___________________ a better place if politicians were less vain. (to be)
10
I ___________________ to visit Thailand if I had the chance. (to love)
11
If I had more free time, I ___________________ a play. (to write)
12
If you ___________________ a digital camera, you could send photos by email. (to have)
13
He would definitely lose weight if he ___________________ eating carbohydrates and sugar. (to stop)
14
We could go travelling across France if we ___________________ a tent. (to buy)
15
Valencia would have the perfect climate if it ___________________ so hot in July and August. (to be)
16
If I understood more about computers, I___________________ help you out. (to be able to)
17
I wouldn't do that if I ___________________ you. (to be)
IF + PAST SIMPLE , WOULD + INFINITIVE
WOULD+ INFINITIVE + IF + PAST SIMPLE
Fill the gap using the verb in brackets. 5 gaps need a NEGATIVE verb!
1
I ___________________ that if I were you. It's bad luck. (to do)
2
They'd be a better team if they ___________________ fitter. (to be)
3
If I had some spare money, I ___________________ a DVD player. (to buy)
4
Those children ___________________ so horrible if their parents were stricter. (to be)
5
I wouldn't go out with him even if you ___________________ me. (to pay)
6
If we ___________________ so hard, we wouldn't be so tired all the time. (to work)
7
If she didn't take so long in the shower, she ___________________ more time for breakfast. (to have)
8
If you ___________________ so much beer, you wouldn't be so fat. (to drink)
9
The world ___________________ a better place if politicians were less vain. (to be)
10
I ___________________ to visit Thailand if I had the chance. (to love)
11
If I had more free time, I ___________________ a play. (to write)
12
If you ___________________ a digital camera, you could send photos by email. (to have)
13
He would definitely lose weight if he ___________________ eating carbohydrates and sugar. (to stop)
14
We could go travelling across France if we ___________________ a tent. (to buy)
15
Valencia would have the perfect climate if it ___________________ so hot in July and August. (to be)
16
If I understood more about computers, I___________________ help you out. (to be able to)
17
I wouldn't do that if I ___________________ you. (to be)
4th CSE SECOND CONDITIONAL-EXERCISES
Second Conditional Exercise at Auto-English
IF + PAST SIMPLE , WOULD + INFINITIVE
WOULD+ INFINITIVE + IF + PAST SIMPLE
Fill the gap using the verb in brackets. 5 gaps need a NEGATIVE verb!
1
I ___________________ that if I were you. It's bad luck. (to do)
2
They'd be a better team if they ___________________ fitter. (to be)
3
If I had some spare money, I ___________________ a DVD player. (to buy)
4
Those children ___________________ so horrible if their parents were stricter. (to be)
5
I wouldn't go out with him even if you ___________________ me. (to pay)
6
If we ___________________ so hard, we wouldn't be so tired all the time. (to work)
7
If she didn't take so long in the shower, she ___________________ more time for breakfast. (to have)
8
If you ___________________ so much beer, you wouldn't be so fat. (to drink)
9
The world ___________________ a better place if politicians were less vain. (to be)
10
I ___________________ to visit Thailand if I had the chance. (to love)
11
If I had more free time, I ___________________ a play. (to write)
12
If you ___________________ a digital camera, you could send photos by email. (to have)
13
He would definitely lose weight if he ___________________ eating carbohydrates and sugar. (to stop)
14
We could go travelling across France if we ___________________ a tent. (to buy)
15
Valencia would have the perfect climate if it ___________________ so hot in July and August. (to be)
16
If I understood more about computers, I___________________ help you out. (to be able to)
17
I wouldn't do that if I ___________________ you. (to be)
IF + PAST SIMPLE , WOULD + INFINITIVE
WOULD+ INFINITIVE + IF + PAST SIMPLE
Fill the gap using the verb in brackets. 5 gaps need a NEGATIVE verb!
1
I ___________________ that if I were you. It's bad luck. (to do)
2
They'd be a better team if they ___________________ fitter. (to be)
3
If I had some spare money, I ___________________ a DVD player. (to buy)
4
Those children ___________________ so horrible if their parents were stricter. (to be)
5
I wouldn't go out with him even if you ___________________ me. (to pay)
6
If we ___________________ so hard, we wouldn't be so tired all the time. (to work)
7
If she didn't take so long in the shower, she ___________________ more time for breakfast. (to have)
8
If you ___________________ so much beer, you wouldn't be so fat. (to drink)
9
The world ___________________ a better place if politicians were less vain. (to be)
10
I ___________________ to visit Thailand if I had the chance. (to love)
11
If I had more free time, I ___________________ a play. (to write)
12
If you ___________________ a digital camera, you could send photos by email. (to have)
13
He would definitely lose weight if he ___________________ eating carbohydrates and sugar. (to stop)
14
We could go travelling across France if we ___________________ a tent. (to buy)
15
Valencia would have the perfect climate if it ___________________ so hot in July and August. (to be)
16
If I understood more about computers, I___________________ help you out. (to be able to)
17
I wouldn't do that if I ___________________ you. (to be)
4TH SECOND CONDITIONAL-INTRODUCTION
Second conditional
The Second Conditional is used to talk about 'impossible' situations.
If we were in London today, we would be able to go to the concert in Hyde Park.
If I had millions dollars, I'd give a lot to charity.
If there were no hungry people in this world, it would be a much better place.
If everyone had clean water to drink, there would be a lot less disease.
Note that after I / he/ she /it we often use the subjunctive form 'were' and not 'was'. (Some people think that 'were' is the only 'correct' form but other people think 'was' is equally 'correct' .)
If she were happy in her job, she wouldn't be looking for another one.
If I lived in Japan, I'd have sushi every day.
If they were to enter our market, we'd have big problems.
Note the form 'If I were you' which is often used to give advice.
If I were you, I'd look for a new place to live.
If I were you, I'd go back to school and get more qualifications.
The Second Conditional is also used to talk about 'unlikely' situations.
If I went to China, I'd visit the Great Wall.
If I was the President, I'd reduce taxes.
If you were in my position, you'd understand.
Note that the choice between the first and the second conditional is often a question of the speaker's attitude rather than of facts. Compare these examples. Otto thinks these things are possible, Peter doesn't.
Otto – If I win the lottery, I'll buy a big house.
Peter – If I won the lottery, I'd buy a big house.
Otto – If I get promoted, I'll throw a big party.
Peter – If I got promoted, I'd throw a big party.
Otto – If my team win the Cup, I'll buy champagne for everybody.
Peter – If my team won the Cup, I'd buy champagne for everybody.
Note that the 'If clause' can contain the past simple or the past continuous.
If I was still working in Brighton, I would commute by train.
If she were coming, she would be here by now.
If they were thinking of selling, I would want to buy.
Note that the main clause can contain 'would' 'could' or 'might.
If I had the chance to do it again, I would do it differently.
If we met up for lunch, we could go to that new restaurant.
If I spoke to him directly, I might be able to persuade him.
Also note that sometimes the 'if clause' is implied rather than spoken.
What would I do without you? ("if you weren't here")
Where would I get one at this time of night? ("if I wanted one")
He wouldn't agree. ("if I asked him")
This is the link to on-line exercises: http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/secondconditional/menu.php
The Second Conditional is used to talk about 'impossible' situations.
If we were in London today, we would be able to go to the concert in Hyde Park.
If I had millions dollars, I'd give a lot to charity.
If there were no hungry people in this world, it would be a much better place.
If everyone had clean water to drink, there would be a lot less disease.
Note that after I / he/ she /it we often use the subjunctive form 'were' and not 'was'. (Some people think that 'were' is the only 'correct' form but other people think 'was' is equally 'correct' .)
If she were happy in her job, she wouldn't be looking for another one.
If I lived in Japan, I'd have sushi every day.
If they were to enter our market, we'd have big problems.
Note the form 'If I were you' which is often used to give advice.
If I were you, I'd look for a new place to live.
If I were you, I'd go back to school and get more qualifications.
The Second Conditional is also used to talk about 'unlikely' situations.
If I went to China, I'd visit the Great Wall.
If I was the President, I'd reduce taxes.
If you were in my position, you'd understand.
Note that the choice between the first and the second conditional is often a question of the speaker's attitude rather than of facts. Compare these examples. Otto thinks these things are possible, Peter doesn't.
Otto – If I win the lottery, I'll buy a big house.
Peter – If I won the lottery, I'd buy a big house.
Otto – If I get promoted, I'll throw a big party.
Peter – If I got promoted, I'd throw a big party.
Otto – If my team win the Cup, I'll buy champagne for everybody.
Peter – If my team won the Cup, I'd buy champagne for everybody.
Note that the 'If clause' can contain the past simple or the past continuous.
If I was still working in Brighton, I would commute by train.
If she were coming, she would be here by now.
If they were thinking of selling, I would want to buy.
Note that the main clause can contain 'would' 'could' or 'might.
If I had the chance to do it again, I would do it differently.
If we met up for lunch, we could go to that new restaurant.
If I spoke to him directly, I might be able to persuade him.
Also note that sometimes the 'if clause' is implied rather than spoken.
What would I do without you? ("if you weren't here")
Where would I get one at this time of night? ("if I wanted one")
He wouldn't agree. ("if I asked him")
This is the link to on-line exercises: http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/secondconditional/menu.php
miércoles, 17 de febrero de 2010
MAY/MIGHT-SPANISH
www.english-area.com
May y might
Probabilidad
• Tanto may como might se utilizan para expresar una posibilidad. La diferencia es que might indica una probabilidad algo menor que may.
Ejemplos:
-It may rain this afternoon.-She may have to pay a fine for speeding up. -They might arrive earlier than we expected. -I might buy those jeans. They suit me.
• Could (pero no can) se puede utilizar también como may y might para expresar una posibilidad. Might también indica una probabilidad menor que could.
Pedir permiso
• May y might también se utilizan para pedir permiso para hacer algo. También aquí se puede utilizar can o could, pero may y might son más formales.
Ejemplos:
-May I ask you a question?-Might I come a bit later tomorrow, please?
Los mejores recursos gratuitos para aprender y enseñar inglés
May y might
Probabilidad
• Tanto may como might se utilizan para expresar una posibilidad. La diferencia es que might indica una probabilidad algo menor que may.
Ejemplos:
-It may rain this afternoon.-She may have to pay a fine for speeding up. -They might arrive earlier than we expected. -I might buy those jeans. They suit me.
• Could (pero no can) se puede utilizar también como may y might para expresar una posibilidad. Might también indica una probabilidad menor que could.
Pedir permiso
• May y might también se utilizan para pedir permiso para hacer algo. También aquí se puede utilizar can o could, pero may y might son más formales.
Ejemplos:
-May I ask you a question?-Might I come a bit later tomorrow, please?
Los mejores recursos gratuitos para aprender y enseñar inglés
MAY/MIGHT-GRAMMAR
English Grammar Secrets
.
May / might
may
We can use 'may' to ask for permission. However this is rather formal and not used very often in modern spoken English
· May I borrow your pen?
· May we think about it?
· May I go now?
We use 'may' to suggest something is possible
· It may rain later today.
· I may not have time to do it today.
· Pete may come with us
might
We use 'might' to suggest a small possibility of something. Often we read that 'might' suggests a smaller possibility that 'may', there is in fact little difference and 'might is more usual than 'may' in spoken English.
· She might be at home by now but it's not sure at all.
· It might rain this afternoon.
· I might not have time to go to the shops for you.
· I might not go.
For the past, we use 'might have'.
· He might have tried to call while I was out.
· I might have dropped it in the street.
.
May / might
may
We can use 'may' to ask for permission. However this is rather formal and not used very often in modern spoken English
· May I borrow your pen?
· May we think about it?
· May I go now?
We use 'may' to suggest something is possible
· It may rain later today.
· I may not have time to do it today.
· Pete may come with us
might
We use 'might' to suggest a small possibility of something. Often we read that 'might' suggests a smaller possibility that 'may', there is in fact little difference and 'might is more usual than 'may' in spoken English.
· She might be at home by now but it's not sure at all.
· It might rain this afternoon.
· I might not have time to go to the shops for you.
· I might not go.
For the past, we use 'might have'.
· He might have tried to call while I was out.
· I might have dropped it in the street.
MAY/MIGHT- EXERCISES
Choose the correct answer.
Q1 - I was just wondering whether you ____ be able to help me.
may might
Q2 - ____ God have mercy on your soul.
May Might
Q3 - You ____ well be right.
may might
Q4 - I told them I ____ go if I felt like it, but wasn't sure.
may might
Q5 - Students ____ only borrow four books at a time.
may might
Q6 - The examiner says we ____ leave when we've finished.
may might
Q7 - It ____ be very expensive, but it's much better than the others.
may might
Q8 - I just ____ accept your offer.
may might
Q9 - You ____ try asking her for help- she knows her stuff.
may might
Q10 - You ____ have told me earlier!
may might
Q1 - I was just wondering whether you ____ be able to help me.
may might
Q2 - ____ God have mercy on your soul.
May Might
Q3 - You ____ well be right.
may might
Q4 - I told them I ____ go if I felt like it, but wasn't sure.
may might
Q5 - Students ____ only borrow four books at a time.
may might
Q6 - The examiner says we ____ leave when we've finished.
may might
Q7 - It ____ be very expensive, but it's much better than the others.
may might
Q8 - I just ____ accept your offer.
may might
Q9 - You ____ try asking her for help- she knows her stuff.
may might
Q10 - You ____ have told me earlier!
may might
martes, 9 de febrero de 2010
4th SCE-ENVIRONMENT ACTIVITIES
Dear Student:
Below are statements to which we would like you to respond and a few questions about you. This survey is part of teaching and EES program assessment. Please place your name on the form and fill in the name ”bubbles” for tracking purposes only. All data collected will be kept anonymously, and the results will not be used in any course grading. It should take no more than ten minutes to complete the survey.
For each question record on the bubble sheet the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement provided. Thank you for your participation.
1. We are approaching the limit of the number of people the earth can support.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
2. Humans have the right to modify the natural environment to suit their needs.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
3. When humans interfere with nature it often produces disastrous consequences.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
4. Human ingenuity will insure that we do not make the earth unlivable.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
5. Humans are seriously abusing the environment.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
6. The earth has plenty of natural resources if we just learn how to develop them.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
7. Plants and animals have as much right as humans to exist.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
8. The balance of nature is strong enough to cope with the impacts of modern industrial nations.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
9. Despite our special abilities, humans are still subject to the laws of nature.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
10. The so-called “ecological crisis” facing humankind has been greatly exaggerated.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
11. The earth is like a spaceship with very limited room and resources.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
12. Humans were meant to rule over the rest of nature.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
13. The balance of nature is very delicate and easily upset.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
14. Humans will eventually learn enough about how nature works to be able to control it.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
15. If things continue on their present course, we will soon experience a major ecological catastrophe.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
Please now provide us with some information about you so that we may do some analyses of these data.
16. What is your gender?
1. Female
2. Male
17. What is your standing at UMaine?
1. First-year student
2. Sophomore
3. Junior
4. Senior
5. Non-degree student
18. Have you declared a major or are you an undecided/ACE student?
1. Declared a major
2. Undecided/ACE
19. If you have declared a major (you answered 1 to question 18), what college is your major in?
1. Business, Public Policy, & Health
2. Education & Human Development
3. Engineering
4. Liberal Arts and Sciences
5. Natural Sciences, Forestry, & Agriculture
20. What is your legal residence status?
1. Maine resident
2. Resident of another state in New England (New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, or Connecticut)
3. Resident of a U.S. State outside of New England
4. Resident of a country other than the U.S.
Below are statements to which we would like you to respond and a few questions about you. This survey is part of teaching and EES program assessment. Please place your name on the form and fill in the name ”bubbles” for tracking purposes only. All data collected will be kept anonymously, and the results will not be used in any course grading. It should take no more than ten minutes to complete the survey.
For each question record on the bubble sheet the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement provided. Thank you for your participation.
1. We are approaching the limit of the number of people the earth can support.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
2. Humans have the right to modify the natural environment to suit their needs.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
3. When humans interfere with nature it often produces disastrous consequences.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
4. Human ingenuity will insure that we do not make the earth unlivable.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
5. Humans are seriously abusing the environment.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
6. The earth has plenty of natural resources if we just learn how to develop them.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
7. Plants and animals have as much right as humans to exist.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
8. The balance of nature is strong enough to cope with the impacts of modern industrial nations.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
9. Despite our special abilities, humans are still subject to the laws of nature.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
10. The so-called “ecological crisis” facing humankind has been greatly exaggerated.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
11. The earth is like a spaceship with very limited room and resources.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
12. Humans were meant to rule over the rest of nature.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
13. The balance of nature is very delicate and easily upset.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
14. Humans will eventually learn enough about how nature works to be able to control it.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
15. If things continue on their present course, we will soon experience a major ecological catastrophe.
1. Agree Strongly
2. Agree Mildly
3. Unsure
4. Disagree Mildly
5. Disagree Strongly
Please now provide us with some information about you so that we may do some analyses of these data.
16. What is your gender?
1. Female
2. Male
17. What is your standing at UMaine?
1. First-year student
2. Sophomore
3. Junior
4. Senior
5. Non-degree student
18. Have you declared a major or are you an undecided/ACE student?
1. Declared a major
2. Undecided/ACE
19. If you have declared a major (you answered 1 to question 18), what college is your major in?
1. Business, Public Policy, & Health
2. Education & Human Development
3. Engineering
4. Liberal Arts and Sciences
5. Natural Sciences, Forestry, & Agriculture
20. What is your legal residence status?
1. Maine resident
2. Resident of another state in New England (New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, or Connecticut)
3. Resident of a U.S. State outside of New England
4. Resident of a country other than the U.S.
4th SCE- FIRST CONDITIONAL-EXERCISES
first conditional
1. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
a. We will pass (pass) the examination if we study hard.
b. If you (go) to see this film, you will have a good time.
c. If he (play) sport, he will live longer.
d. She (not be) an architect if she doesn’t go to university.
e. They (ring) us if we give them our phone number.
f. If we (not solve) the problem, we won’t get the prize.
2. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
a. If we (not go) now, we (miss) the bus.
If we don’t go now, we will miss the bus.
b. You (be) tired if you (not sleep).
c. If the Spanish team (get) to the final match, they (be) the World Champions.
d. If you (help) me, I (give) you a lot of money.
e. If we (sing) some carols, they (be) happy.
f. They (read) the whole essay if they (like) it.
3. Write sentences using the first conditional.
a. the weather / be good we / go /to the beach tomorrow.
If the weather is good, we will go to the beach tomorrow.
b. you / go / to school on foot you / be / late.
c. I / have / money I / buy / you a present.
d. I / do / my homework I / find / my notebook.
e. My mum / give / me five pounds I / do / the washing-up.
f. We / spend / our holidays in Spain we / visit / Valencia.
1. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
a. We will pass (pass) the examination if we study hard.
b. If you (go) to see this film, you will have a good time.
c. If he (play) sport, he will live longer.
d. She (not be) an architect if she doesn’t go to university.
e. They (ring) us if we give them our phone number.
f. If we (not solve) the problem, we won’t get the prize.
2. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
a. If we (not go) now, we (miss) the bus.
If we don’t go now, we will miss the bus.
b. You (be) tired if you (not sleep).
c. If the Spanish team (get) to the final match, they (be) the World Champions.
d. If you (help) me, I (give) you a lot of money.
e. If we (sing) some carols, they (be) happy.
f. They (read) the whole essay if they (like) it.
3. Write sentences using the first conditional.
a. the weather / be good we / go /to the beach tomorrow.
If the weather is good, we will go to the beach tomorrow.
b. you / go / to school on foot you / be / late.
c. I / have / money I / buy / you a present.
d. I / do / my homework I / find / my notebook.
e. My mum / give / me five pounds I / do / the washing-up.
f. We / spend / our holidays in Spain we / visit / Valencia.
4th SCE-FIRST CONDITIONAL-INTRODUCTION
Introduction
The first conditional (also called conditional type 1) is a structure used for talking about possibilities in the present or in the future. This page will explain how the first conditional is formed, and when to use it.
1. The structure of a first conditional sentence
A first conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an "if" clause and a main clause:
if clause
main clause
If you study hard,
you will pass the test.
If the "if" clause comes first, a comma is usually used. If the "if" clause comes second, there is no need for a comma:
main clause
if clause
You will pass the test
if you study hard.
We use different verb forms in each part of a first conditional:
main clause
if clause
You will pass the test
if you study hard.
2. Using the first conditional
The first conditional is used to talk about things which are possible in the present or the future — things which may happen:
Example
Explanation
If it's sunny, we'll go to the park.
Maybe it will be sunny — that's possible.
Paula will be sad if Juan leaves.
Maybe Juan will leave — that's possible.
If you cook the supper, I'll wash the dishes.
Maybe you will cook the supper — that's possible.
When you are sure that you understand the lesson, you can continue with the exercises.
PRINTABLE ENGLISH EXERCISES Conditional Tense
Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets. (The answers are at the end of the page.)
1) If Peter _____________ (have) more money, he _______________ (buy) a new car.
2) What _____________ (you do) if you ______________ (see) an accident?
3) Where ______________ (you live) if you _____________ (have) a choice?
4) If Caroline _______________ (arrive) late for a meeting, her boss ______________ (be) angry.
5) If his parents _____________ (come) to visit him, John ______________(bring) them to the theatre.
6) Where _____________ (you go) if you ________________ (can take) a week's holiday?
7) If Julie _____________ (speak) better English, she ________________ (find) a better job.
8) If Paul's boss ______________ (invite) him to lunch, he ________________ (accept).
9) If I _____________ (lose) my wallet, I ______________ (report) it to the police.
10) What ________________ (happen) if you ________________ (miss) your flight?
back to lessons
Answers :
1) had - would buy 2) would you do - saw 3) would you live - had 4) arrived - would be 5) came - would bring6) would you go- could take 7) spoke- would find 8) invited- would accept 9) lost- would report 10) would happen- missed
The first conditional (also called conditional type 1) is a structure used for talking about possibilities in the present or in the future. This page will explain how the first conditional is formed, and when to use it.
1. The structure of a first conditional sentence
A first conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an "if" clause and a main clause:
if clause
main clause
If you study hard,
you will pass the test.
If the "if" clause comes first, a comma is usually used. If the "if" clause comes second, there is no need for a comma:
main clause
if clause
You will pass the test
if you study hard.
We use different verb forms in each part of a first conditional:
main clause
if clause
You will pass the test
if you study hard.
2. Using the first conditional
The first conditional is used to talk about things which are possible in the present or the future — things which may happen:
Example
Explanation
If it's sunny, we'll go to the park.
Maybe it will be sunny — that's possible.
Paula will be sad if Juan leaves.
Maybe Juan will leave — that's possible.
If you cook the supper, I'll wash the dishes.
Maybe you will cook the supper — that's possible.
When you are sure that you understand the lesson, you can continue with the exercises.
PRINTABLE ENGLISH EXERCISES Conditional Tense
Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets. (The answers are at the end of the page.)
1) If Peter _____________ (have) more money, he _______________ (buy) a new car.
2) What _____________ (you do) if you ______________ (see) an accident?
3) Where ______________ (you live) if you _____________ (have) a choice?
4) If Caroline _______________ (arrive) late for a meeting, her boss ______________ (be) angry.
5) If his parents _____________ (come) to visit him, John ______________(bring) them to the theatre.
6) Where _____________ (you go) if you ________________ (can take) a week's holiday?
7) If Julie _____________ (speak) better English, she ________________ (find) a better job.
8) If Paul's boss ______________ (invite) him to lunch, he ________________ (accept).
9) If I _____________ (lose) my wallet, I ______________ (report) it to the police.
10) What ________________ (happen) if you ________________ (miss) your flight?
back to lessons
Answers :
1) had - would buy 2) would you do - saw 3) would you live - had 4) arrived - would be 5) came - would bring6) would you go- could take 7) spoke- would find 8) invited- would accept 9) lost- would report 10) would happen- missed
4th SCE-FIRST CONDITIONAL-SPANISH
THE FIRST CONDITIONAL
Las oraciones condicionales tienen dos partes:
1. 1. la oración subordinada con if que expresa una condición
2. 2. la oración principal que expresa el resultado (si la condición se cumple o no)
Hay tres clases de condicionales, cada una de las cuales contiene dos tiempos verbales diferentes.
La primera condicional habla de las posibles acciones o acontecimientos que pueden ocurrir o no. La oración condicional comienza con if y va generalmente en presente simple, mientras que la oración principal va generalmente en futuro con “will” y describe lo que ocurrirá si la condición se cumple, o no llega a cumplirse.
IF + SUJ + VERB + REST OF SENTENCE /// SUJ + WILL+ VERB+ REST OF SENTENCE
If Alice works hard, she will pass the test
If you play with matches, you will burn your fingers
Tanto la oración principal como la subordinada pueden ir en primer lugar, pero si la oración subordinada va en primer lugar, hemos de poner una coma entre ambas.
If she likes the dress, she will buy it
La primera condicional puede usarse también para hacer sugerencias y dar instrucciones o mandatos. En este uso se puede sustituir “will” por un modal o un imperativo.
If you go to Rome, you might visit the Coliseum
If you need my help, call me!
La primera condicional expresa asimismo relaciones objetivas o habituales que son verdaderas e inmutables. En estas condicionales el verbo suele ir en presente simple en ambas oraciones y puede sustituirse “IF” por “WHEN” o “WHENEVER”.
If / When you freeze water, it turns to ice
If ... not suele sustituirse por unless. Unless tiene un sentido exclusivo (sólo en el caso de que …)
That dog won´t bite if you don´t kick him
That dog won´t bite unless you kick him
Las oraciones condicionales tienen dos partes:
1. 1. la oración subordinada con if que expresa una condición
2. 2. la oración principal que expresa el resultado (si la condición se cumple o no)
Hay tres clases de condicionales, cada una de las cuales contiene dos tiempos verbales diferentes.
La primera condicional habla de las posibles acciones o acontecimientos que pueden ocurrir o no. La oración condicional comienza con if y va generalmente en presente simple, mientras que la oración principal va generalmente en futuro con “will” y describe lo que ocurrirá si la condición se cumple, o no llega a cumplirse.
IF + SUJ + VERB + REST OF SENTENCE /// SUJ + WILL+ VERB+ REST OF SENTENCE
If Alice works hard, she will pass the test
If you play with matches, you will burn your fingers
Tanto la oración principal como la subordinada pueden ir en primer lugar, pero si la oración subordinada va en primer lugar, hemos de poner una coma entre ambas.
If she likes the dress, she will buy it
La primera condicional puede usarse también para hacer sugerencias y dar instrucciones o mandatos. En este uso se puede sustituir “will” por un modal o un imperativo.
If you go to Rome, you might visit the Coliseum
If you need my help, call me!
La primera condicional expresa asimismo relaciones objetivas o habituales que son verdaderas e inmutables. En estas condicionales el verbo suele ir en presente simple en ambas oraciones y puede sustituirse “IF” por “WHEN” o “WHENEVER”.
If / When you freeze water, it turns to ice
If ... not suele sustituirse por unless. Unless tiene un sentido exclusivo (sólo en el caso de que …)
That dog won´t bite if you don´t kick him
That dog won´t bite unless you kick him
viernes, 15 de enero de 2010
WEBQUEST
For all of you who need to relax for a while here you have a webquest where you can have fun and practise what you have learnt.
Have a good time!
http://phpwebquest.org/newphp/webquest/soporte_tabbed_w.php?id_actividad=6745&id_pagina=1
Have a good time!
http://phpwebquest.org/newphp/webquest/soporte_tabbed_w.php?id_actividad=6745&id_pagina=1
PODCAST AND WIKIS ACTIVITIES
ACTIVIDADES
1. Grabar un podcast emulando un de radio.
2. Grabar un podcast realizando una entrevista a alguna persona nativa.
3. Grabar un podcast realizando una lectura colectiva de un texto conocido.
4. Grabar un podcast dramatizando una pequeña obra de teatro.
5. Grabar un podcast para hallowen, inventando un pequeño cuento o historia de terror.
6. Grabar un podcast creando un glosario de palabras o vocabulario sobre un tema determinado.
7. Grabar un podcast emulando una cuña publicitaria sobre un producto determinado para trabajar el lenguaje publicitario.
8. Plantearles la organización de un viaje a un lugar determinado, la organización del cual será publicada en una wiki.
9. Creación de un pequeño recetario colectivo sobre recetas conocidas con un glosario de palabras utilizadas publicado en una wiki.
10. Crear de un pequeño video entrevistando a una persona nativa.
11. Crear de un pequeño video sobre la elaboración de una receta de un plato conocido.
12. Crear de un pequeño video realizando una entrevista a alguna persona nativa.
13. creación de una wiki con una pequeña narración colectiva de ficción para realizar un pequeño concurso literario.
14. realización de una wiki sobre los principales monumentos históricos de las poblaciones a las cuales pertenecen los alumnos.
15. realizar un video mostrando y explicando los principales monumentos históricos de nuestra ciudad.
16. buscar o realizar podcast de procedencias regionales diversas para poder comparar los diferentes acentos de la lengua.
17. Realizar un pequeño video emulando una entrevista de trabajo para trabajar el vocabulario relacionado con el empleo, entrevistas, profesiones, etc.
18. Grabar un pequeño video publicitaria sobre un producto determinado para trabajar el lenguaje publicitario.
19. realizar una pequeña narración dividida en capítulos, en la que cada grupo se encargara de un capitulo concreto proponiendo solo el principio de la historia y dejando el final abierto.
20. realizar un glosario de tiempos y conjugaciones verbales a lo largo de todo el curso, que se ira publicando en una wiki.
1. Grabar un podcast emulando un de radio.
2. Grabar un podcast realizando una entrevista a alguna persona nativa.
3. Grabar un podcast realizando una lectura colectiva de un texto conocido.
4. Grabar un podcast dramatizando una pequeña obra de teatro.
5. Grabar un podcast para hallowen, inventando un pequeño cuento o historia de terror.
6. Grabar un podcast creando un glosario de palabras o vocabulario sobre un tema determinado.
7. Grabar un podcast emulando una cuña publicitaria sobre un producto determinado para trabajar el lenguaje publicitario.
8. Plantearles la organización de un viaje a un lugar determinado, la organización del cual será publicada en una wiki.
9. Creación de un pequeño recetario colectivo sobre recetas conocidas con un glosario de palabras utilizadas publicado en una wiki.
10. Crear de un pequeño video entrevistando a una persona nativa.
11. Crear de un pequeño video sobre la elaboración de una receta de un plato conocido.
12. Crear de un pequeño video realizando una entrevista a alguna persona nativa.
13. creación de una wiki con una pequeña narración colectiva de ficción para realizar un pequeño concurso literario.
14. realización de una wiki sobre los principales monumentos históricos de las poblaciones a las cuales pertenecen los alumnos.
15. realizar un video mostrando y explicando los principales monumentos históricos de nuestra ciudad.
16. buscar o realizar podcast de procedencias regionales diversas para poder comparar los diferentes acentos de la lengua.
17. Realizar un pequeño video emulando una entrevista de trabajo para trabajar el vocabulario relacionado con el empleo, entrevistas, profesiones, etc.
18. Grabar un pequeño video publicitaria sobre un producto determinado para trabajar el lenguaje publicitario.
19. realizar una pequeña narración dividida en capítulos, en la que cada grupo se encargara de un capitulo concreto proponiendo solo el principio de la historia y dejando el final abierto.
20. realizar un glosario de tiempos y conjugaciones verbales a lo largo de todo el curso, que se ira publicando en una wiki.
TRY THIS TRASSURE'S HUNT
http://phpwebquest.org/newphp/caza/soporte_tablon_c.php?id_actividad=5811&id_pagina=1
Try it, have fun and learn a piece of history.
Try it, have fun and learn a piece of history.
20 ACTIVIDADES PARA PDI
20 ACTIVIDADES PARA PDI. ASIGNATURA: INGLÉS/FRANCÉS
1.Actividades tipo webquest, j-clic, crucigramas, etc. Permite a los alumnos trabajar individualmente o en equipo, buscar información en internet y poner en práctica sus conocimientos del idioma de estudio.
2.Con la PDI y la conexión a internet los alumnos pueden realizar en el aula actividades de gramática y vocabulario on-line. Les permite trabajar de forma rápida y la autocorrección de sus ejercicios.
3.Ejercicios sintácticos. Podemos trabajar el orden de las palabras (verbos, adjetivos) en el idioma de estudio. Pueden salir a la pizarra, escribir sus respuestas y conocer la corrección interactuando con la PDI.
4.Gracias al ordenador, el lápiz o los comandos de la PDI podemos explicar gramática y vocabulario, por ejemplo, en formato power point. Nos ahorra tiempo al no tener que escribir en la pizarra y no caer en la incorrecta posición de dar la espalda a los alumnos mientras explicamos.
5.En caso de que los alumnos dispongan de ultraportátiles, los deberes se podrían hacer a través de páginas web, ser enviados y corregidos vía correo electrónico.
6.Podemos utilizar la pizarra digital para mostrar las transcripciones de diálogos, lecturas y listenings. De esta manera los alumnos pueden seguir más fácilmente este tipo de actividades y al mismo tiempo trabajar la fonética y ejercicios de sinopsis sobre las lecturas.
7.Se pueden realizar exámenes y tests en soporte usb usando un pen drive, vía páginas web y ser corregidos a través de correo electrónico. Es más cómodo y rápido y evita el uso de papel.
8.En modo power point o Word podemos mostrar flahs cards para trabajar el vocabulario de la lengua de estudio. La visualización es importante para establecer asociaciones tanto en vocabulario abstracto como concreto.
9.La PDI nos permite trabajar sobre programas, películas, artículos de periódico o videos en versión original. Podemos tratar temas transversales y/o cros-curriculares recientes o pasados mediante la conexión a internet.
10.Se pueden realizar revisiones de las unidades didácticas o trimestrales antes de los exámenes utilizando tests progresivos en formato Word o vía moodle, con lo que los alumnos pueden entregar sus trabajos al instante y ver las correciones en moodle.
11.Podemos trabajar las horas en la lengua de estudio. Por ejemplo, con el Big Ben como fondo o mediante imágenes como “el te con pastas”. Los alumnos deben adivinar la hora y arrastrar las manecillas en la PDI.
12.Mostramos la imagen de una casa para trabajar el vocabulario relacionado. Las palabras correctas están ocultas; los alumnos pueden escribir y ver la corrección. También podemos dejar las palabras en la pantalla para que los alumnos las arrastren al lugar correspondiente. Es igualmente útil para trabajar vocabulario relacionado con las partes del cuerpo o palabras de uso cotidiano.
13.Podemos trabajar con google map. Los alumnos deberán buscar usando internet países de habla inglesa. Se pueden realizar actividades relacionadas con trenes, metro, etc, para simular la preparación de un viaje a dicho país.
14.Mostramos imágenes de caras para que los alumnos reconozcan los estados de ánimo. Se acercan a la pizarra, eligen una imagen, la imitan y escriben la palabra correcta, o la arrastran en caso de que las palabras ya aparezcan en la pizarra digital.
15.Los alumnos escriben un relato en grupo. A modo de juego, cada alumno, a través de su ultraportátil, escribe una frase conectada con la del alumno anterior para entre todos escribir una historia. Cada alumno añadirá una frase al relato.
16.Podemos trabajar temas transversales mediante artículos en internet. Por ejemplo, para el día de Halloween o acción de gracias. Los alumnos deben buscar información y hacer una pequeña presentación ante el resto de la clase.
17.Documentales en versión original –subtitulada, dependiendo del nivel del grupo- para hablar del cambio climático cuando tratemos en clase el vocabulario relacionado con el tiempo. Los alumnos buscan información en la red y expresan sus opiniones al respecto.
18.Tratamos temas transversales relacionados con el bulling, la adicción a internet o los móviles, alcohol, drogas anorexia. Los alumnos escriben sus redacciones y las entregan vía correo electrónico. La finalidad de este tipo de ejercicios es hacerles reflexionar y se conscientes de ciertos problemas actuales al tiempo que trabajan la escritura y aprenden a sintetizar y expresar la información relevante.
19.Con una imagen del pueblo o ciudad de los alumnos aprenderán las direcciones. En este ejercicio los alumnos serán guías turísticos y deberán mostrar los lugares de interés, dar direcciones a otras personas para llegar a un lugar específico o seguirlas direcciones dictadas por el profesor para llegar a un lugar. Los alumnos trabajan las preposiciones y los adjetivos descriptivos.
20.Trabajamos la fonética a través de imágenes que muestran la colocación de la boca y la lengua para los diferentes fonemas y palabras. A través de un diagrama los alumnos pueden visualizar la melodía y la entonación de cada palabra. Cuando ellos pronuncian su diagrama se superpone al original, así a los alumno les resulta más fácil corregir la entonación. Es un ejercicio muy útil para trabajar en conjunto y como refuerzo en casa.
1.Actividades tipo webquest, j-clic, crucigramas, etc. Permite a los alumnos trabajar individualmente o en equipo, buscar información en internet y poner en práctica sus conocimientos del idioma de estudio.
2.Con la PDI y la conexión a internet los alumnos pueden realizar en el aula actividades de gramática y vocabulario on-line. Les permite trabajar de forma rápida y la autocorrección de sus ejercicios.
3.Ejercicios sintácticos. Podemos trabajar el orden de las palabras (verbos, adjetivos) en el idioma de estudio. Pueden salir a la pizarra, escribir sus respuestas y conocer la corrección interactuando con la PDI.
4.Gracias al ordenador, el lápiz o los comandos de la PDI podemos explicar gramática y vocabulario, por ejemplo, en formato power point. Nos ahorra tiempo al no tener que escribir en la pizarra y no caer en la incorrecta posición de dar la espalda a los alumnos mientras explicamos.
5.En caso de que los alumnos dispongan de ultraportátiles, los deberes se podrían hacer a través de páginas web, ser enviados y corregidos vía correo electrónico.
6.Podemos utilizar la pizarra digital para mostrar las transcripciones de diálogos, lecturas y listenings. De esta manera los alumnos pueden seguir más fácilmente este tipo de actividades y al mismo tiempo trabajar la fonética y ejercicios de sinopsis sobre las lecturas.
7.Se pueden realizar exámenes y tests en soporte usb usando un pen drive, vía páginas web y ser corregidos a través de correo electrónico. Es más cómodo y rápido y evita el uso de papel.
8.En modo power point o Word podemos mostrar flahs cards para trabajar el vocabulario de la lengua de estudio. La visualización es importante para establecer asociaciones tanto en vocabulario abstracto como concreto.
9.La PDI nos permite trabajar sobre programas, películas, artículos de periódico o videos en versión original. Podemos tratar temas transversales y/o cros-curriculares recientes o pasados mediante la conexión a internet.
10.Se pueden realizar revisiones de las unidades didácticas o trimestrales antes de los exámenes utilizando tests progresivos en formato Word o vía moodle, con lo que los alumnos pueden entregar sus trabajos al instante y ver las correciones en moodle.
11.Podemos trabajar las horas en la lengua de estudio. Por ejemplo, con el Big Ben como fondo o mediante imágenes como “el te con pastas”. Los alumnos deben adivinar la hora y arrastrar las manecillas en la PDI.
12.Mostramos la imagen de una casa para trabajar el vocabulario relacionado. Las palabras correctas están ocultas; los alumnos pueden escribir y ver la corrección. También podemos dejar las palabras en la pantalla para que los alumnos las arrastren al lugar correspondiente. Es igualmente útil para trabajar vocabulario relacionado con las partes del cuerpo o palabras de uso cotidiano.
13.Podemos trabajar con google map. Los alumnos deberán buscar usando internet países de habla inglesa. Se pueden realizar actividades relacionadas con trenes, metro, etc, para simular la preparación de un viaje a dicho país.
14.Mostramos imágenes de caras para que los alumnos reconozcan los estados de ánimo. Se acercan a la pizarra, eligen una imagen, la imitan y escriben la palabra correcta, o la arrastran en caso de que las palabras ya aparezcan en la pizarra digital.
15.Los alumnos escriben un relato en grupo. A modo de juego, cada alumno, a través de su ultraportátil, escribe una frase conectada con la del alumno anterior para entre todos escribir una historia. Cada alumno añadirá una frase al relato.
16.Podemos trabajar temas transversales mediante artículos en internet. Por ejemplo, para el día de Halloween o acción de gracias. Los alumnos deben buscar información y hacer una pequeña presentación ante el resto de la clase.
17.Documentales en versión original –subtitulada, dependiendo del nivel del grupo- para hablar del cambio climático cuando tratemos en clase el vocabulario relacionado con el tiempo. Los alumnos buscan información en la red y expresan sus opiniones al respecto.
18.Tratamos temas transversales relacionados con el bulling, la adicción a internet o los móviles, alcohol, drogas anorexia. Los alumnos escriben sus redacciones y las entregan vía correo electrónico. La finalidad de este tipo de ejercicios es hacerles reflexionar y se conscientes de ciertos problemas actuales al tiempo que trabajan la escritura y aprenden a sintetizar y expresar la información relevante.
19.Con una imagen del pueblo o ciudad de los alumnos aprenderán las direcciones. En este ejercicio los alumnos serán guías turísticos y deberán mostrar los lugares de interés, dar direcciones a otras personas para llegar a un lugar específico o seguirlas direcciones dictadas por el profesor para llegar a un lugar. Los alumnos trabajan las preposiciones y los adjetivos descriptivos.
20.Trabajamos la fonética a través de imágenes que muestran la colocación de la boca y la lengua para los diferentes fonemas y palabras. A través de un diagrama los alumnos pueden visualizar la melodía y la entonación de cada palabra. Cuando ellos pronuncian su diagrama se superpone al original, así a los alumno les resulta más fácil corregir la entonación. Es un ejercicio muy útil para trabajar en conjunto y como refuerzo en casa.
Hello everybody!
This is a new tool to help our students.
Here you can ask your teacher any question or doubt about your lessons.
Please, don't hesitate!
This new way of contact is available for every student in order to solve you problems with the second language.
I invite everybody to try it.
Thank you.
Here you can ask your teacher any question or doubt about your lessons.
Please, don't hesitate!
This new way of contact is available for every student in order to solve you problems with the second language.
I invite everybody to try it.
Thank you.
Suscribirse a:
Entradas (Atom)
Entradas
